Surface properties of membrane materials and their role in cell adhesion and biofilm formation of microalgae.

In this study, the effects of surface properties of membrane materials on microalgae cell adhesion and biofilm formation were investigated using Chlorella vulgaris and five different types of membrane materials under hydrodynamic conditions. The results suggest that the contact angle (hydrophobicity), surface free energy, and free energy of cohesion of membrane materials alone could not sufficiently elucidate the selectivity of microalgae cell adhesion and biofilm formation on membrane materials surfaces, and membrane surface roughness played a dominant role in controlling biofilm formation rate, under tested hydrodynamic conditions. A lower level of biofilm EPS production was generally associated with a larger amount of biofilm formation. The zeta potential of membrane materials could enhance initial microalgae cell adhesion and biofilm formation through salt bridging or charge neutralization mechanisms.