Hypermobility spectrum disorders: A review.

It remains a clinical challenge identifying when joint hypermobility (JH) is responsible for pain. Previous nomenclature utilized terms such as (benign) joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) but this was updated in 2017 as advances in genetics provide a basis for nearly all variants of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) with the exception of hypermobile EDS (hEDS). New terminology describes hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSDs) as the updated term for JHS. Diagnosis of a subtype of HSDs should be considered in patients who have JH coupled with the presence of secondary musculo-skeletal manifestations (trauma, chronic pain, disturbed proprioception, and other manifestations) and at the exclusion of hEDS. Extra-articular manifestations are common. Treatment relies on management strategies for other chronic pain syndromes with a multidisciplinary approach likely optimal. Lifestyle modifications focus on weight loss and exercise. Physical therapy helps strengthen periarticular muscles, improving mobility. Pharmacologic therapies focus on judicious use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetaminophen. Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor may help widespread pain. Avoidance of opioids remains prudent. The purpose of this review is to provide clinicians the rationale for the update in nomenclature, understand the musculoskeletal and extra-articular manifestations of the subtypes of HSDs, considerations when making the diagnosis, and treatment.