ATPase-regulated autophagosome biogenesis.

Omega-shaped domains of the endoplasmic reticulum, known as omegasomes, have been suggested to contribute to autophagosome biogenesis, although their exact function is not known. Omegasomes are characterized by the presence of the double FYVE domain containing protein ZFYVE1/DFCP1, but it has remained a paradox that depletion of ZFYVE1 does not prevent bulk macroautophagy/autophagy. We recently showed that ZFYVE1 contains an N-terminal ATPase domain which dimerizes upon ATP binding. Mutations in the ATPase domain that inhibit ATP binding or hydrolysis do not prevent omegasome expansion and maturation. However, omegasome constriction is inhibited by these mutations, which results in an increased lifetime and thereby higher number of omegasomes. Interestingly, whereas ZFYVE1 knockout or mutations do not significantly affect bulk autophagy, selective autophagy of mitochondria, protein aggregates and micronuclei is inhibited. We propose that ATP binding and hydrolysis control the di- or multimerization state of ZFYVE1 which could provide the mechanochemical energy to drive large omegasome constriction and autophagosome completion.