Silica-based nanosystems against antibiotic-resistant bacteria and pathogenic viruses.

Today, with the intensity of antibiotic abuse and self-medication, the need for the use of novel systems with high efficiency and biosafety for targeted drug delivery against antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their infections should be highly considered by researchers. Silica-based nanosystems with unique physicochemical properties such as large surface area, tuneable pore diameter, drug loading capacity, controlled particle size/morphology, and good biocompatibility are attractive candidates against antibiotic-resistant bacteria and pathogenic viruses. They can be loaded with antiviral and antimicrobial drugs or molecules through their exclusive internal porous structures or different surface linkers. In this context, smart nanosystems can be produced via suitable surface functionalization/modification with a variety of functional groups to act against different clinical pathogenic microbes or viruses, offering great opportunities for controlling and treating various infections. However, important criteria such as the ability to degrade, biocompatibility, biodegradability, cytotoxicity, stability, clearance from targeted organs should be systematically analysed to develop nanosystems or nanocarriers with high efficiency and multifunctionality. Herein, recent advancements pertaining to the application of silica-based nanosystems against antibiotic-resistant bacteria and pathogenic viruses are deliberated, focussing on important challenges and future perspectives.