Impact of Bidentate Pyridyl-Mesoionic Carbene Ligands: Structural, (Spectro)Electrochemical, Photophysical, and Theoretical Investigations on Ruthenium(II) Complexes

Abstract

We present here new synthetic strategies for the isolation of a series of Ru(II) complexes with pyridyl-mesoionic carbene ligands (MIC) of the 1,2,3-triazole-5-ylidene type, in which the bpy ligands (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) of the archetypical [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺ have been successively replaced by one, two, or three pyridyl-MIC ligands. Three new complexes have been isolated and investigated via NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The incorporation of one MIC unit shifts the potential of the metal-centered oxidation about 160 mV to more cathodic potential in cyclic voltammetry, demonstrating the extraordinary σ-donor ability of the pyridyl-MIC ligand, while the π-acceptor capacities are dominated by the bpy ligand, as indicated by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroelectrochemistry (EPR-SEC). The replacement of all bpy ligands by the pyridyl-MIC ligand results in an anoidic shift of the ligand-centered reduction by 390 mV compared to the well-established [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺ complex. In addition, UV/vis/NIR-SEC in combination with theoretical calculations provided detailed insights into the electronic structures of the respective redox states, taking into account the total number of pyridyl-MIC ligands incorporated in the Ru(II) complexes. The luminescence quantum yield and lifetimes were determined by time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy. An estimation of the excited state redox potentials conclusively showed that the pyridyl-MIC ligand can tune the photoredox activity of the isolated complexes to stronger photoreductants. These observations can provide new strategies for the design of photocatalysts and photosensitizers based on MICs.