Normative data for the Tower of London (Drexel version) in the Quebec-French population aged between 50 and 88 years.

IF 1.4 4区心理学 Q4 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY

Applied Neuropsychology-Adult Pub Date : 2025-07-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-28 DOI:10.1080/23279095.2023.2227382

Carol Hudon, Alexandre St-Hilaire, Mariane Landry, Florence Belzile, Joël Macoir

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Abstract

The Tower of London (ToL) is a neuropsychological test used to assess several executive functions such as strategical reasoning, mental planning, and problem-solving. Like other cognitive tests, performance on the ToL can vary according to age, level of education, sex, and cultural background of individuals. The present study aimed to establish normative data for the Drexel version of the ToL among French-Quebec people aged 50 years and over. The normative sample consisted of 174 healthy individuals aged 50-88 years, all from the province of Quebec, Canada. Analyses were performed to estimate the associations between age, sex, and education level on one hand, and ToL performance, on the other hand. Results indicated that Total Execution Time was associated with age, whereas the Total Type II Errors and Total Rule Violation score (Type I + II Errors) were associated with both age and education level. All other scores were not significantly associated with the demographic characteristics of the participants. Since the distributions of the data were all skewed, the normative data are presented in the form of percentile ranks. To conclude, the present norms will ease the detection of executive impairments in French-Quebec middle-aged and older adults.

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魁北克-法国 50 至 88 岁人口的伦敦塔（德雷塞尔版本）标准数据。

伦敦塔（ToL）是一种神经心理学测验，用于评估几种执行功能，如策略推理、心智规划和解决问题。与其他认知测试一样，ToL 的成绩也会因个人的年龄、教育水平、性别和文化背景而有所不同。本研究旨在为 50 岁及以上法裔魁北克人的德雷克塞尔版 ToL 建立常模数据。标准样本由 174 名 50-88 岁的健康人组成，他们都来自加拿大魁北克省。研究人员对年龄、性别和教育水平与 ToL 成绩之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明，总执行时间与年龄有关，而第二类错误总分和违反规则总分（第一类+第二类错误）则与年龄和教育水平有关。所有其他分数与参与者的人口统计学特征均无明显关联。由于数据分布均呈偏态，因此常模数据以百分位数的形式呈现。总之，本标准将有助于发现法裔魁北克中老年人的执行障碍。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Applied Neuropsychology-Adult CLINICAL NEUROLOGY-PSYCHOLOGY

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

11.80%

发文量

134

期刊介绍： pplied Neuropsychology-Adult publishes clinical neuropsychological articles concerning assessment, brain functioning and neuroimaging, neuropsychological treatment, and rehabilitation in adults. Full-length articles and brief communications are included. Case studies of adult patients carefully assessing the nature, course, or treatment of clinical neuropsychological dysfunctions in the context of scientific literature, are suitable. Review manuscripts addressing critical issues are encouraged. Preference is given to papers of clinical relevance to others in the field. All submitted manuscripts are subject to initial appraisal by the Editor-in-Chief, and, if found suitable for further considerations are peer reviewed by independent, anonymous expert referees. All peer review is single-blind and submission is online via ScholarOne Manuscripts.