{"title":"FAM26F: An Enigmatic Protein Having a Complex Role in the Immune System.","authors":"Uzma Malik, Aneela Javed","doi":"10.1080/08830185.2016.1206098","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mammalian immune system is a complex amalgam of diverse cellular and noncellular components such as cytokines, receptors and co-receptors. FAM26F (family with sequence similarity 26, member F) is a recently identified tetraspanin-like membrane glycoprotein which is predicted to make homophilic interactions and potential synapses between several immune cells including CD4<sup>+</sup>, CD8<sup>+</sup>, NK, dendritic cells and macrophages. Various whole transcriptome analyses have demonstrated the differential expression of FAM26F in several bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, in certain pathophysiological conditions such as liver and heart transplantation, and in various cancers. The complete understanding of transcriptional regulation of FAM26F is in its infancy however it is up regulated by various stimulants such as polyI:C, LPS, INF gamma and TNF alpha, and via various proposed pathways including TLR3, TLR4 IFN-β and Dectin-1. These pathways can merge in STAT1 activation. The synergistic expression of FAM26F on both NK-cells and myeloid dendritic cells is required to activate NK-cells against tumors via its cytoplasmic tail, thus emphasizing therapeutic potential of FAM26F for NK sensitive tumors. Current review provides a comprehensive basis to propose that FAM26F expression level is at least a hallmark for IFN-γ-lead immune responses and thus can proficiently be regarded as an early diagnostic marker. Future investigation dissecting the role of FAM26F in activation of various immune cell populations in local amplification by cell-cell contact is crucial to provide the missing link imperative for elucidating the relevance of this protein in immune responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":14333,"journal":{"name":"International Reviews of Immunology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3000,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08830185.2016.1206098","citationCount":"6","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International Reviews of Immunology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2016.1206098","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"IMMUNOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Abstract
Mammalian immune system is a complex amalgam of diverse cellular and noncellular components such as cytokines, receptors and co-receptors. FAM26F (family with sequence similarity 26, member F) is a recently identified tetraspanin-like membrane glycoprotein which is predicted to make homophilic interactions and potential synapses between several immune cells including CD4+, CD8+, NK, dendritic cells and macrophages. Various whole transcriptome analyses have demonstrated the differential expression of FAM26F in several bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, in certain pathophysiological conditions such as liver and heart transplantation, and in various cancers. The complete understanding of transcriptional regulation of FAM26F is in its infancy however it is up regulated by various stimulants such as polyI:C, LPS, INF gamma and TNF alpha, and via various proposed pathways including TLR3, TLR4 IFN-β and Dectin-1. These pathways can merge in STAT1 activation. The synergistic expression of FAM26F on both NK-cells and myeloid dendritic cells is required to activate NK-cells against tumors via its cytoplasmic tail, thus emphasizing therapeutic potential of FAM26F for NK sensitive tumors. Current review provides a comprehensive basis to propose that FAM26F expression level is at least a hallmark for IFN-γ-lead immune responses and thus can proficiently be regarded as an early diagnostic marker. Future investigation dissecting the role of FAM26F in activation of various immune cell populations in local amplification by cell-cell contact is crucial to provide the missing link imperative for elucidating the relevance of this protein in immune responses.
哺乳动物的免疫系统是一个由细胞因子、受体和共受体等多种细胞和非细胞成分组成的复杂混合体。FAM26F (family with sequence similarity 26, member F)是最近发现的一种类似四联蛋白(tetraspanin-like)的膜糖蛋白,可在多种免疫细胞(包括CD4+、CD8+、NK、树突状细胞和巨噬细胞)之间产生亲同质相互作用和潜在突触。各种全转录组分析已经证明FAM26F在几种细菌、病毒和寄生虫感染、某些病理生理条件(如肝脏和心脏移植)以及各种癌症中的差异表达。对FAM26F转录调控的全面了解尚处于起步阶段,但它受到多种刺激物的上调,如polyI:C、LPS、INF γ和TNF α,并通过各种被提出的途径,包括TLR3、TLR4、IFN-β和Dectin-1。这些通路可以在STAT1激活中合并。FAM26F在NK细胞和髓系树突状细胞上的协同表达是激活NK细胞抗肿瘤的必要条件,从而强调了FAM26F对NK敏感肿瘤的治疗潜力。目前的综述提供了全面的基础,提出FAM26F表达水平至少是IFN-γ-铅免疫反应的标志,因此可以熟练地视为早期诊断标志物。未来的研究剖析FAM26F在细胞与细胞接触的局部扩增中激活各种免疫细胞群中的作用,对于阐明该蛋白在免疫应答中的相关性至关重要。
期刊介绍:
This review journal provides the most current information on basic and translational research in immunology and related fields. In addition to invited reviews, the journal accepts for publication articles and editorials on relevant topics proposed by contributors. Each issue of International Reviews of Immunology contains both solicited and unsolicited review articles, editorials, and ''In-this-Issue'' highlights. The journal also hosts reviews that position the authors'' original work relative to advances in a given field, bridging the gap between annual reviews and the original research articles.
This review series is relevant to all immunologists, molecular biologists, microbiologists, translational scientists, industry researchers, and physicians who work in basic and clinical immunology, inflammatory and allergic diseases, vaccines, and additional topics relevant to medical research and drug development that connect immunology to disciplines such as oncology, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders.
Covered in International Reviews of Immunology: Basic and developmental immunology (innate and adaptive immunity; inflammation; and tumor and microbial immunology); Clinical research (mechanisms of disease in man pertaining to infectious diseases, autoimmunity, allergy, oncology / immunology); and Translational research (relevant to biomarkers, diagnostics, vaccines, and drug development).