Compounding for the Treatment of COVID-19 and Long COVID, Part 3: The Role of Toll-like Receptors in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID Development.

Q4 Medicine
Mike Riepl, Joe Kaiser
{"title":"Compounding for the Treatment of COVID-19 and Long COVID, Part 3: The Role of Toll-like Receptors in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID Development.","authors":"Mike Riepl,&nbsp;Joe Kaiser","doi":"","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toll-like receptors, which are type I transmembrane proteins and pattern recognition receptors found on cell surfaces and in intracellular membranes, serve as central mediators of both initial innate-immune responses and secondary adaptive/acquired-immune responses. Toll-like receptor 4, the activation of which leads to the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, has been shown to have a vital role in the innate immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In our practice of pharmaceutical compounding, we noted that some individuals with coronavirus disease- 2019 (COVID-19) or long COVID achieved limited or no benefit from commercially manufactured treatments designed to alleviate symptoms and enable recovery. We suggest that in such cases, a compounded formulation, which can be easily customized to provide that support, may be of benefit. This article provides a brief review of the ways in which toll-like receptors in general, and toll-like receptor 4 in particular, affect the development and progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19, especially with respect to the human respiratory and central nervous systems and people rendered vulnerable by a comorbid condition (diabetes, obesity) or age. Instructions for compounding 2 customized preparations useful in the treatment of COVID-19 and long COVID are also provided.</p>","PeriodicalId":14381,"journal":{"name":"International journal of pharmaceutical compounding","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International journal of pharmaceutical compounding","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"Medicine","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

Toll-like receptors, which are type I transmembrane proteins and pattern recognition receptors found on cell surfaces and in intracellular membranes, serve as central mediators of both initial innate-immune responses and secondary adaptive/acquired-immune responses. Toll-like receptor 4, the activation of which leads to the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, has been shown to have a vital role in the innate immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In our practice of pharmaceutical compounding, we noted that some individuals with coronavirus disease- 2019 (COVID-19) or long COVID achieved limited or no benefit from commercially manufactured treatments designed to alleviate symptoms and enable recovery. We suggest that in such cases, a compounded formulation, which can be easily customized to provide that support, may be of benefit. This article provides a brief review of the ways in which toll-like receptors in general, and toll-like receptor 4 in particular, affect the development and progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19, especially with respect to the human respiratory and central nervous systems and people rendered vulnerable by a comorbid condition (diabetes, obesity) or age. Instructions for compounding 2 customized preparations useful in the treatment of COVID-19 and long COVID are also provided.

复方治疗COVID-19和长型COVID,第3部分:toll样受体在SARS-CoV-2感染和COVID发展中的作用
toll样受体是在细胞表面和细胞膜上发现的I型跨膜蛋白和模式识别受体,是初始先天免疫反应和继发性适应性/获得性免疫反应的中心介质。toll样受体4的激活导致促炎细胞因子和趋化因子的合成,已被证明在对严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 (SARS-CoV-2)感染的先天免疫反应中发挥重要作用。在我们的药物配制实践中,我们注意到一些冠状病毒疾病- 2019 (COVID-19)或长期COVID患者从旨在缓解症状和恢复的商业生产治疗中获得的益处有限或没有。我们建议,在这种情况下,复合配方,可以很容易地定制,以提供这种支持,可能是有益的。本文简要回顾了toll样受体,特别是toll样受体4,影响SARS-CoV-2感染和COVID-19的发生和发展的方式,特别是与人类呼吸和中枢神经系统以及因合并症(糖尿病、肥胖)或年龄而变得脆弱的人有关。还提供了用于配制用于治疗COVID-19和长COVID的2种定制制剂的说明。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
求助全文
约1分钟内获得全文 求助全文
来源期刊
CiteScore
0.40
自引率
0.00%
发文量
62
期刊介绍: The International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding (IJPC) is a bi-monthly, scientific and professional journal emphasizing quality pharmaceutical compounding. IJPC is the only publication that covers pharmaceutical compounding topics relevant and necessary to empower pharmacists to meet the needs of today"s patients. No other publication features hands-on, how-to compounding techniques or the information that contemporary pharmacists need to provide individualized care.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信