{"title":"Exosomes: Recent Advances and Challenges as Targeted Therapeutic Delivery Vesicles.","authors":"Sourabh Jadhav, Ankaj Kumar, Arvind Gulbake","doi":"10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2022044495","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The exosome is a naturally derived nanostructured lipid vesicle that ranges from 40-100 nm in size and is utilized to transport drugs, and biological macromolecules, including therapeutic RNA and proteins. It is a membrane vesicle actively released by cells to transport cellular components with a purpose for biological events. The conventional isolation technique has several drawbacks, including low integrity, low purity, long processing time, and sample preparation. Therefore, microfluidic technologies are more widely accepted for the isolation of pure exosomes, but due to cost and expertise requirements, this technology is also facing challenges. The bioconjugation of small and macro-molecules to the surface of exosomes is a very interesting and emerging approach for achieving the specific target, therapeutic purpose, in vivo imaging, and many more. Although emerging strategies resolve a few challenges, exosomes are still unexplored complex nano-vesicles with excellent properties. This review has briefly elaborated on contemporary isolation techniques and loading approaches. We have also discussed the surface-modified exosomes by different conjugation methods and their applications as targeted drug delivery vesicles. The challenges associated with the exosomes, patents, and clinical investigations are the main highlight of this review.</p>","PeriodicalId":50614,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","volume":"40 4","pages":"101-133"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0000,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2022044495","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The exosome is a naturally derived nanostructured lipid vesicle that ranges from 40-100 nm in size and is utilized to transport drugs, and biological macromolecules, including therapeutic RNA and proteins. It is a membrane vesicle actively released by cells to transport cellular components with a purpose for biological events. The conventional isolation technique has several drawbacks, including low integrity, low purity, long processing time, and sample preparation. Therefore, microfluidic technologies are more widely accepted for the isolation of pure exosomes, but due to cost and expertise requirements, this technology is also facing challenges. The bioconjugation of small and macro-molecules to the surface of exosomes is a very interesting and emerging approach for achieving the specific target, therapeutic purpose, in vivo imaging, and many more. Although emerging strategies resolve a few challenges, exosomes are still unexplored complex nano-vesicles with excellent properties. This review has briefly elaborated on contemporary isolation techniques and loading approaches. We have also discussed the surface-modified exosomes by different conjugation methods and their applications as targeted drug delivery vesicles. The challenges associated with the exosomes, patents, and clinical investigations are the main highlight of this review.
期刊介绍：
Therapeutic uses of a variety of drug carrier systems have significant impact on the treatment and potential cure of many chronic diseases, including cancer, diabetes mellitus, psoriasis, parkinsons, Alzheimer, rheumatoid arthritis, HIV infection, infectious diseases, asthma, and drug addiction. Scientific efforts in these areas are multidisciplinary, involving the physical, biological, medical, pharmaceutical, biological materials, and engineering fields.
Articles concerning this field appear in a wide variety of journals. With the vast increase in the number of articles and the tendency to fragment science, it becomes increasingly difficult to keep abreast of the literature and to sort out and evaluate the importance and reliability of the data, especially when proprietary considerations are involved. Abstracts and noncritical articles often do not provide a sufficiently reliable basis for proper assessment of a given field without the additional perusal of the original literature. This journal bridges this gap by publishing authoritative, objective, comprehensive multidisciplinary critical review papers with emphasis on formulation and delivery systems. Both invited and contributed articles are subject to peer review.
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