GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT-2 inhibitors, and obstructive sleep apnoea: can new allies face an old enemy?

Abstract

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is the most common form of abnormal sleep pattern (ASP). It is characterized by narrowing of the upper airways (complete or partial) during sleep. Although continuous positive airway pressure is recognized as the gold standard treatment of OSA, unfortunately treatment adherence is often suboptimal and does not address the pathophysiological mechanisms governing its pathogenesis. Weight gain is an important risk factor for the development and worsening of OSA both in adults and in children. Meaningful and sustained weight reduction using lifestyle modifications alone remains difficult and challenging. Novel therapeutic strategies are vital because currently there are no approved pharmacological therapies. This paper explores thoroughly both preclinical and clinical studies that investigated the possible role of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors in individuals with ASP and especially OSA. It also discusses their future role in order to ameliorate the global burden of OSA.