Transcending Dimensions in Apicomplexan Research: from Two-Dimensional to Three-Dimensional In Vitro Cultures.

IF 8 1区 生物学 Q1 MICROBIOLOGY
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews Pub Date : 2022-06-15 Epub Date: 2022-04-12 DOI:10.1128/mmbr.00025-22
Carlos J Ramírez-Flores, Andrés M Tibabuzo Perdomo, Gina M Gallego-López, Laura J Knoll
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Parasites belonging to the Apicomplexa phylum are among the most successful pathogens known in nature. They can infect a wide range of hosts, often remain undetected by the immune system, and cause acute and chronic illness. In this phylum, we can find parasites of human and veterinary health relevance, such as Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium, and Eimeria. There are still many unknowns about the biology of these pathogens due to the ethical and practical issues of performing research in their natural hosts. Animal models are often difficult or nonexistent, and as a result, there are apicomplexan life cycle stages that have not been studied. One recent alternative has been the use of three-dimensional (3D) systems such as organoids, 3D scaffolds with different matrices, microfluidic devices, organs-on-a-chip, and other tissue culture models. These 3D systems have facilitated and expanded the research of apicomplexans, allowing us to explore life stages that were previously out of reach and experimental procedures that were practically impossible to perform in animal models. Human- and animal-derived 3D systems can be obtained from different organs, allowing us to model host-pathogen interactions for diagnostic methods and vaccine development, drug testing, exploratory biology, and other applications. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in the use of 3D systems applied to apicomplexans. We show the wide array of strategies that have been successfully used so far and apply them to explore other organisms that have been less studied.

Abstract Image

Abstract Image

超越表皮复合菌研究的维度:从二维到三维体外培养。
属于寄生虫门的寄生虫是自然界中已知的最成功的病原体之一。它们可以感染多种宿主,常常不被免疫系统发现,并导致急性和慢性疾病。在这个门中,我们可以找到与人类和兽医健康有关的寄生虫,如弓形虫、疟原虫、隐孢子虫和艾美耳菌。由于在这些病原体的自然宿主体内进行研究存在伦理和实际问题,因此关于这些病原体的生物学特性仍有许多未知数。动物模型往往难以建立或根本不存在,因此,有些类囊体的生命周期阶段尚未得到研究。最近的一种替代方法是使用三维(3D)系统,如有机体、带有不同基质的三维支架、微流体设备、芯片上的器官和其他组织培养模型。这些三维系统促进并扩展了对类囊体的研究,使我们能够探索以前无法触及的生命阶段,以及在动物模型中几乎不可能完成的实验过程。人源和动物源三维系统可从不同器官获得,使我们能够为诊断方法和疫苗开发、药物测试、探索性生物学和其他应用建立宿主-病原体相互作用模型。在这篇综述中,我们总结了将三维系统应用于 apicomplexans 的最新进展。我们展示了迄今为止已成功使用的各种策略,并将其用于探索研究较少的其他生物。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
18.80
自引率
0.80%
发文量
27
期刊介绍: Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews (MMBR), a journal that explores the significance and interrelationships of recent discoveries in various microbiology fields, publishes review articles that help both specialists and nonspecialists understand and apply the latest findings in their own research. MMBR covers a wide range of topics in microbiology, including microbial ecology, evolution, parasitology, biotechnology, and immunology. The journal caters to scientists with diverse interests in all areas of microbial science and encompasses viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, unicellular eukaryotes, and microbial parasites. MMBR primarily publishes authoritative and critical reviews that push the boundaries of knowledge, appealing to both specialists and generalists. The journal often includes descriptive figures and tables to enhance understanding. Indexed/Abstracted in various databases such as Agricola, BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts Service, Current Contents- Life Sciences, EMBASE, Food Science and Technology Abstracts, Illustrata, MEDLINE, Science Citation Index Expanded (Web of Science), Summon, and Scopus, among others.
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