{"title":"Age and menstrual cycle may be important in establishing pregnancy in female athletes after retirement from competition.","authors":"Sayaka Nose-Ogura, Osamu Yoshino, Hiroe Kamoto-Nakamura, Mayuko Kanatani, Miyuki Harada, Osamu Hiraike, Shigeru Saito, Tomoyuki Fujii, Yutaka Osuga","doi":"10.1080/00913847.2023.2199687","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although it has been shown that amenorrhea associated with low energy availability or relative energy deficiency in sport affects body physiology in female athletes, the association between menstrual dysfunction during active sports careers and reproductive function after retirement is not clear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the association between menstrual dysfunction during their active sports career and post-retirement infertility in female athletes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A voluntary web-based survey was aimed at former female athletes who had become pregnant and gave birth to their first child after retirement. Nine multiple-choice questions were included, on maternal age, competition levels and menstrual cycles during active sports careers, time from retirement to pregnancy, the time of resumption of spontaneous menstruation after retirement, conception method, and mode of delivery, etc. Regarding cases of primary and secondary amenorrhea among the abnormal menstrual cycle group, only those whose spontaneous menstruation had not recovered from retirement to the time of pregnancy were included in the study. The association between the presence of abnormal menstrual cycles from active sports careers to post-retirement pregnancy and the implementation of infertility treatment was evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study population included 613 female athletes who became pregnant and gave birth to their first child after retiring from competitive sports. Of the 613 former athletes, the infertility treatment rate was 11.9%. The rate of infertility treatment was significantly higher in athletes with abnormal than normal menstrual cycles (17.1% vs. 10.2%, <i>p</i> = 0.0225). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that maternal age (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.194; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.129, 1.262) and abnormal menstrual cycles (OR and 1.903; adjusted OR 1.105, 3.278) were the relevant factors for infertility treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It was suggested that menstrual dysfunction that persist from active sports careers to post-retirement may be a factor in infertility when trying to conceive after retirement.</p>","PeriodicalId":51268,"journal":{"name":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","volume":" ","pages":"175-180"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9000,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Physician and Sportsmedicine","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2023.2199687","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2023/4/10 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ORTHOPEDICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: Although it has been shown that amenorrhea associated with low energy availability or relative energy deficiency in sport affects body physiology in female athletes, the association between menstrual dysfunction during active sports careers and reproductive function after retirement is not clear.
Objective: To investigate the association between menstrual dysfunction during their active sports career and post-retirement infertility in female athletes.
Methods: A voluntary web-based survey was aimed at former female athletes who had become pregnant and gave birth to their first child after retirement. Nine multiple-choice questions were included, on maternal age, competition levels and menstrual cycles during active sports careers, time from retirement to pregnancy, the time of resumption of spontaneous menstruation after retirement, conception method, and mode of delivery, etc. Regarding cases of primary and secondary amenorrhea among the abnormal menstrual cycle group, only those whose spontaneous menstruation had not recovered from retirement to the time of pregnancy were included in the study. The association between the presence of abnormal menstrual cycles from active sports careers to post-retirement pregnancy and the implementation of infertility treatment was evaluated.
Results: The study population included 613 female athletes who became pregnant and gave birth to their first child after retiring from competitive sports. Of the 613 former athletes, the infertility treatment rate was 11.9%. The rate of infertility treatment was significantly higher in athletes with abnormal than normal menstrual cycles (17.1% vs. 10.2%, p = 0.0225). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that maternal age (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.194; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.129, 1.262) and abnormal menstrual cycles (OR and 1.903; adjusted OR 1.105, 3.278) were the relevant factors for infertility treatment.
Conclusion: It was suggested that menstrual dysfunction that persist from active sports careers to post-retirement may be a factor in infertility when trying to conceive after retirement.
期刊介绍：
The Physician and Sportsmedicine is a peer-reviewed, clinically oriented publication for primary care physicians. We examine the latest drug discoveries to advance treatment and recovery, and take into account the medical aspects of exercise therapy for a given condition. We cover the latest primary care-focused treatments serving the needs of our active patient population, and assess the limits these treatments govern in stabilization and recovery.
The Physician and Sportsmedicine is a peer-to-peer method of communicating the latest research to aid primary care physicians’ advancement in methods of care and treatment. We routinely cover such topics as: managing chronic disease, surgical techniques in preventing and managing injuries, the latest advancements in treatments for helping patients lose weight, and related exercise and nutrition topics that can impact the patient during recovery and modification.
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