Causes of mortality of kiwi (Apteryx spp.) in New Zealand: a retrospective analysis of post-mortem records, 2010-2020.

IF 1.1 4区 农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES
E L Gulliver, S A Hunter, F Castillo-Alcala, E Vallee
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引用次数: 1

Abstract

Aims: To examine and assess causes of mortality of kiwi (Apteryx spp.) submitted to Massey University between 2010 and 2020 across the five recognised species according to location, age group and captivity status in New Zealand.

Methods: Post-mortem reports were obtained from the Massey University/Te Kunenga ki Pūrehuroa School of Veterinary Science/Wildbase Pathology Register. Inclusion criteria were all species of kiwi with a date of post-mortem examination between August 2010 and August 2020. Data from each report was exported, categorised and compared using Microsoft Excel.

Results: Of a total of 1,005 post-mortem reports, there were 766 North Island brown kiwi (NIBK; A. mantelli), 83 tokoeka (A. australis), 73 rowi (A. rowi), 49 great spotted kiwi (A. haastii), and 34 little spotted kiwi (A. owenii). This comprised 19 eggs/embryos, 125 neonatal, 473 juvenile, 153 subadult, and 235 adult kiwi. There were 615 kiwi from wild populations, 148 from sanctuary populations, 238 from captivity, and four from unspecified locations. The leading cause of death was trauma, affecting 322 (32.0 (95% CI = 29.2-35.0)%) kiwi including 289 (37.3 (95% CI = 26.0-31.7)%) NIBK. Nearly half of these died from predation by mustelids, with losses recorded from neonates to adults and clustered in the central to southern North Island. Predation by dogs was the second most common cause of death, killing 84 (8.4 (95% CI = 6.7-10.2)%) kiwi, of which 65.5% came from the northern districts of the North Island. Non-infectious disease killed 214 (21 (95% CI = 18.8-24.0)%) kiwi, and included developmental deformities, gastrointestinal foreign bodies and predator trap injuries. Infectious disease killed 181 (18.0 (95% CI = 15.7-20.5)%) kiwi and the proportion decreased with age, with common diagnoses including coccidiosis, bacterial septicaemia, avian malaria, and fungal respiratory disease. Starvation affected 42 (4.2 (95% CI = 3.0-5.6)%) kiwi, comprised of mainly neonatal or juvenile individuals from wild or sanctuary populations, with a higher percentage seen in tokoeka (11/83; 13.3%) compared to other species (min 0%, max 5.9%). The cause of death was undetermined in 246 (24.5 (95% CI = 21.8-27.3)%) cases, which was most often due to poor preservation of remains. This included 33/73 (46%) rowi and 32/83 (39%) tokoeka, and affected mainly birds from sanctuary and wild populations.

Conclusions: This study enhances our understanding of causes of mortality in captive, wild and sanctuary populations of all kiwi species and age groups within contemporary New Zealand.

新西兰几维鸟(Apteryx spp.)死亡原因:2010-2020年尸检记录的回顾性分析。
目的:根据新西兰的地理位置、年龄和圈养状况,研究和评估2010年至2020年间提交给梅西大学的五种公认物种的猕猴桃(Apteryx spp.)的死亡原因。方法:死后报告来自Massey University/Te Kunenga ki Pūrehuroa兽医科学学院/Wildbase Pathology Register。纳入标准为尸检日期在2010年8月至2020年8月之间的所有种类的猕猴桃。每个报告中的数据都被导出、分类并使用Microsoft Excel进行比较。结果:在总共1005份尸检报告中,有766只北岛褐猕猴桃(NIBK;大斑点几维(A. haastii) 49只,小斑点几维(A. owenii) 34只。其中包括19个卵/胚胎,125个新生儿,473个幼鸟,153个亚成鸟和235个成年几维鸟。有615只几维鸟来自野生种群,148只来自保护区种群,238只来自圈养种群,还有4只来自不明地点。主要死亡原因是创伤,影响322例(32.0 % (95% CI = 29.2-35.0)%)猕猴桃,包括289例(37.3 % (95% CI = 26.0-31.7)%) NIBK。其中近一半死于鼬鼠的捕食,从新生儿到成年的损失都有记录,并集中在北岛中部到南部。被狗捕食是第二常见的死亡原因,共有84只(8.4 (95% CI = 6.7-10.2)%)猕猴桃死亡,其中65.5%来自北岛北部地区。非传染性疾病导致214只(21 (95% CI = 18.8-24.0)%)几维鸟死亡,包括发育畸形、胃肠道异物和捕食者陷阱伤害。传染病导致181只(18.0% (95% CI = 15.7-20.5)%)猕猴桃死亡,该比例随着年龄的增长而下降,常见的诊断包括球虫病、细菌性败血症、禽疟和真菌呼吸道疾病。饥饿影响了42只(4.2 % (95% CI = 3.0-5.6)%)猕猴桃,主要由来自野生或保护区种群的新生儿或幼鸟组成,在tokoeka (11/83;13.3%),而其他种(最小0%,最大5.9%)。246例(24.5 (95% CI = 21.8-27.3)%)的死亡原因无法确定,最常见的原因是遗体保存不良。其中rowi和tokoeka分别为33/73(46%)和32/83(39%),主要来自保护区和野生种群。结论:这项研究增强了我们对当代新西兰所有猕猴桃物种和年龄组的圈养、野生和保护区种群死亡原因的理解。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
New Zealand veterinary journal
New Zealand veterinary journal 农林科学-兽医学
CiteScore
3.00
自引率
0.00%
发文量
37
审稿时长
12-24 weeks
期刊介绍: The New Zealand Veterinary Journal (NZVJ) is an international journal publishing high quality peer-reviewed articles covering all aspects of veterinary science, including clinical practice, animal welfare and animal health. The NZVJ publishes original research findings, clinical communications (including novel case reports and case series), rapid communications, correspondence and review articles, originating from New Zealand and internationally. Topics should be relevant to, but not limited to, New Zealand veterinary and animal science communities, and include the disciplines of infectious disease, medicine, surgery and the health, management and welfare of production and companion animals, horses and New Zealand wildlife. All submissions are expected to meet the highest ethical and welfare standards, as detailed in the Journal’s instructions for authors.
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