δ13C values of urinary 19-norandrosterone in antidoping samples and potential for adverse findings from boar offal consumption

Abstract

19-Norandrosterone (19NA) is the preferred urinary target compound to identify doping with nandrolone or related 19-norsteroids. At concentrations between 2.5 and 15 ng/mL, isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is required to establish exogenous origin of urinary 19NA. An absolute difference of 3‰ between urinary 19NA and an endogenous reference compound (ERC) constitutes a finding for exogenous origin of 19NA. Over the last 3 years, 77 samples containing urinary 19NA between 2.5 and 15 ng/mL were analyzed at our laboratory. The measured δ¹³C values for 19NA ranged from −29.5‰ to −16.8‰. In comparison, the δ¹³C values for the corresponding urinary ERCs ranged from −22.4‰ to −16.2‰. Due to the considerable overlap in values between the target compound and the natural range of urinary ERCs, it can be challenging to distinguish between endogenous and exogenous origins of urinary 19NA. In addition, it is well known that consumption of offal from non-castrated pigs can produce 19NA in urine. To determine whether this could cause a positive IRMS finding under the current IRMS positivity criteria, meat from non-castrated boars fed a mixture of corn and soy was consumed by 13 volunteers. Two volunteers produced 19NA findings above 2.5 ng/mL, and the measured isotope values, while inconsistent with documented 19-norsteroid preparations, did meet IRMS positivity criteria. However, these increases in 19NA urinary concentrations were short-lived due to rapid elimination. Timely follow-up collections may help support a claim for dietary exposure when low urinary concentrations of 19NA with pseudo-endogenous isotope values are observed.