Changes in activity, spatial pattern and social behavior in calves after grouping

Seiji Kondo, Noboru Kawakami, Hideaki Kohama, Susumu Nishino
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引用次数: 46

Abstract

The behavior of 2 groups of 6 calves that were managed in 2 different ways were observed, and the development of their behavioral patterns, spatial patterns and social behavior in the groups were discussed, together with the effect on these processes of their social experience before grouping.

Twelve 5-month-old Holstein steers, reared alone from one week of age, were divided into 2 groups of 6 calves each; Groups A and B. Calves in Group A were penned together in a 14.4 × 28.8 m pen, and the position and behavior of individuals was observed throughout a continuous 153-h period at 15-min intervals. Aggressive behavior between calves was also recorded. The position of calves was recorded as coordinates on a grid on the pen floor. There were 8 × 16 squares in the grid, and each square measured 1.8 × 1.8 m.

Group B was further divided into 3 groups of 2 calves each, which were kept in 9.6 × 14.4 m pens. The pair-mates were changed every 3 days in order to combine all possible pairs in the group. After this treatment, calves were all housed together in a 14.4 × 28.8 m pen, and observed using the same methods and for the same duration as Group A.

The lying pattern of Group A was not diurnal until the latter half of the observation, while calves in Group B showed clear-cut diurnal variations from the initial stages. Concerning the spatial patterns; the mean distance to nearest neighbor in Group A tended to decrease and become stable. The ratio between the mean distance to nearest neighbor and the distance expected in random distribution also declined from 0.7 to a significant aggregation of 0.5 (P < 0.05). For Group B, a similar change in the mean distance to the nearest neighbor was observed, although this showed significant aggregation from the first 24-h period (P < 0.05). The mean area occupied by a group in each 24-h period, for both groups, declined for 72 h after grouping and became stable at around 18 m2, for both groups, thereafter. The frequency of aggression in Group A declined from 23 times in the first 24-h period to 9 times at the end of the observation period. For Group B, the aggression frequency was 53 times in the first 24-h period, thereafter decreasing rapidly.

小牛犊分组后活动、空间格局和社会行为的变化
通过对两组6头不同管理方式的小牛的行为进行观察,探讨了其行为模式、空间模式和群体内社会行为的发展,以及群体前社会经验对这些过程的影响。选取12头5月龄荷斯坦阉牛,自1周龄起单独饲养,分为2组,每组6头;A组和b组分别圈养在14.4 × 28.8 m的圈内,每隔15 min观察个体的位置和行为,连续观察153 h。小牛之间的攻击行为也被记录下来。小牛的位置以坐标记录在围栏地板上的网格上。网格中有8 × 16个正方形,每个正方形的尺寸为1.8 × 1.8 m。B组再分为3组,每组2头,饲养在9.6 × 14.4 m的圈内。每3天更换一次配对,以便组合组中所有可能的配对。试验结束后,将所有犊牛集中饲养在14.4 × 28.8 m的围栏内,采用与a组相同的方法和时间进行观察。观察后半段,a组犊牛的躺卧模式为非日卧模式,而B组犊牛的躺卧模式从一开始就有明显的日卧变化。关于空间格局;A组与最近邻的平均距离趋于减小并趋于稳定。平均到最近邻居的距离与随机分布中期望距离的比值也从0.7下降到显著的0.5 (P <0.05)。对于B组,观察到与最近邻居的平均距离也有类似的变化,尽管这表明从第一个24小时开始就有显著的聚集(P <0.05)。两组每24 h平均占地面积在分组后72 h下降,此后稳定在18 m2左右。A组攻击次数由观察开始24 h时的23次下降到观察结束时的9次。B组攻击次数在前24 h为53次,之后迅速下降。
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