The social organization of free-ranging urban dogs. I. Non-estrous social behavior

Thomas J. Daniels
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引用次数: 69

Abstract

Free-ranging domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) in Newark, New Jersey (U.S.A.), were studied during summer (1978) and winter (1978–1979) months. Population densities of approximately 400 dogs per square mile and a sex ratio of 3 males: 1 female were found for each of three study areas. Free-ranging dogs were typically large, owned individuals; strays were a monority. Of four different group types identified in this study (familiar, unfamiliar, people-mediated and estrous), the first three are described. The social organization during non-breeding periods was characterized by a majority of solitary individuals. The relatively few groups observed rarely contained more than two individuals. Familiarity between dogs was the primary basis of sociality, although the distance a dog was from its home-site, its body size, age and ownership status also influenced social behavior. There was no seasonal variation in these patterns. Aggression was rare and mutual avoidance was the primary spacing mechanism. However, of those agonistic interactions that did occur, unfamiliar dogs were involved 5–15 times more frequently than familiar dogs.

Home-range movements of individuals were largely restricted to areas around the home-site. Home-range size was correlated to a dog's ownership status much more than body size. There was no evidence of territoriality.

Resources such as food and shelter influenced the social organization by concentrating individuals in areas where these were available. Major, predictable changes in available food had no effect on social behavior. Likewise, environmental parameters such as human presence and weather conditions generally influenced dog behavior indirectly.

自由放养的城市狗的社会组织。1 .不动情的社会行为
在夏季(1978年)和冬季(1978 - 1979年)对美国新泽西州纽瓦克自由放养的家犬(Canis familiaris)进行了研究。在三个研究区域中,每平方英里的人口密度约为400只狗,性别比例为3公1母。自由放养的狗通常是大型的、有主人的个体;流浪狗是少数。在本研究中确定的四种不同的群体类型(熟悉的,不熟悉的,人介导的和动情的)中,描述了前三种。非繁殖期的社会组织以独居个体为主。观察到的相对较少的群体很少有超过两只的个体。狗之间的熟悉程度是社会性的主要基础,尽管狗与家的距离、体型、年龄和主人身份也会影响社会行为。这些模式没有季节变化。攻击很少发生,互避是主要的间距机制。然而,在那些确实发生的激动作用中,不熟悉的狗参与的频率是熟悉的狗的5-15倍。个人在家园范围内的活动主要限于家园周围地区。家的大小与狗的主人地位的关系要比体型大得多。没有领土争夺的证据。食物和住房等资源通过将个人集中在有这些资源的地区而影响了社会组织。可获得食物的重大、可预测的变化对社会行为没有影响。同样,人类存在和天气条件等环境参数通常间接影响狗的行为。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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