Seeing through Spirits: Superimposition, Cognition, and The Phantom Carriage

Abstract

Superimposition was long a popular technique for showing ghosts in films. Through the example of Victor Sjöström’s film Körkarlen (The Phantom Carriage, 1921), the article will examine the technique and its critical reception. André Bazin wrote an important essay on superimposition (first published in 1945) where he dismissed the use of double exposure to depict ghosts in films. The article examines Bazin’s remarks in detail. The credibility—and the fraudulent associations—of multiple-exposure effects may derive from their similarity to spirit photography, but the article also argues that our understanding of superimposed phantoms may be enhanced if we draw on the cognitive study of religion.