{"title":"Mycoflora and natural occurrence of mycotoxins in tobacco from cigarettes in Egypt","authors":"O.M.O. El-Maghraby , M.A. Abdel-Sater","doi":"10.1016/S0232-4393(11)80101-0","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Forty-two species and 4 varieties belonging to 21 genera were collected from 40 tobacco samples on glucose- and cellulose-Czapek's agar at 28°C and 45°C. The most common mesophiles (at 28°C) in tobacco on the two types of media were: <em>Aspergillus flavus, A. flavus</em> var. <em>columnaris, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Penicillium chrysogenum</em> and <em>P. funiculosum</em>. Two samples were heavily contaminated with members of <em>Fusarium (F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. solani)</em>. Some fungi were encountered only on plates of cellulose agar as <em>Chaetomium globosum, Siachybotrys atra</em> var. <em>microspora</em> and <em>S. chartarum</em>. At 45°C the most prevalent fungus was <em>A. fumigatus</em>. Truely thermophiles were also collected: <em>Humicola grisea</em> var. <em>thermoidae, Rhizomucor pusillus</em> and <em>Thermoascus aurantiacus</em>.</p><p>Based on biological assays (brine shrimp larvae (<em>Artemia salina</em> L.) and <em>Bacillus megatherium</em> test) and chemical analysis of chloroform extraction of tobacco (TLC and UV spectrophotometric), four samples (out of 40) had toxicity and four compounds of mycotoxins were detected namely; aflatoxins B<sub>1</sub> & B<sub>2</sub> (2 samples; 15.5 and 20.7 μg/kg), zearalenone (1 sample, 5.5 μg) and T-2 toxin (1 sample, 2.8 μg). For studying the tracing of aflatoxins in smoking cigarettes, three doses (10, 20 and 50 fig) of aflatoxins B<sub>1</sub> and B<sub>2</sub> (w/w, 1:1) were injected each in ten cigarettes. All extracts of cigarettes smoke proved to be non-toxic and mycotoxins not detected. However, aflatoxins were detected in topping filter (2.8, 3.5 and 8.8 μg/the three doses, respectively).</p></div><div><p>Von 40 Tabakproben wurden 42 Pilzspecies aus 21 Gattungen isoliert. Bei 28°C kamen am häufigsten <em>Aspergillus flavus, A. flavus</em> var. <em>columnaris, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Penicillium chrysogenum</em> und <em>P. funiculosum</em> vor. Zwei Proben waren stark mit <em>Fusarium (F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. solani)</em> kontaminiert. Einige Pilze, wie <em>Chaetomium globosum, Stachybotrys atra</em> var. <em>microspora</em> und <em>S. chartarum</em> traten nur auf Cellulose-Agar auf. Bei 45°C war <em>A. fumigatus</em> vorherrschend. An Thermophilen wurden <em>Humicola grisea</em> var. <em>themoidae, Rhizomucor pusillus</em> und <em>Thermoascus aurantiacus</em> gefunden. In biologischen Tests mit <em>Artemia salina</em> L. und <em>Bacillus megatherium</em> sowie chemischen Analysen von Chloroformextrakten der Tabakproben wurden in 4 von 40 Proben folgende Mycotoxine nachgewiesen: Aflatoxine B<sub>1</sub> und B<sub>2</sub> (15,5 bzw. 20,7 μg/kg), Zearalenon (5,5 μg/kg) und T-2 Toxin (2,8 u.g/kg). Um den Weg der Aflatoxine beim Zigarettenrauchen zu verfolgen, wurden jeweils 10, 20 und 50 μg Aflatoxine B<sub>1</sub> und B<sub>2</sub> (w/w, 1:1) in 10 Zigaretten injiziert. In den Extrakten des entsprechenden Zigarettenrauches konnten Mycotoxine nicht nachgewiesen werden, doch wurden in den zugehörigen Filtern 2,8, 3,5 und 8,8 μg Aflatoxine gefunden.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":77473,"journal":{"name":"Zentralblatt fur Mikrobiologie","volume":"148 4","pages":"Pages 253-264"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"1993-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0232-4393(11)80101-0","citationCount":"17","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Zentralblatt fur Mikrobiologie","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0232439311801010","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 17
Abstract
Forty-two species and 4 varieties belonging to 21 genera were collected from 40 tobacco samples on glucose- and cellulose-Czapek's agar at 28°C and 45°C. The most common mesophiles (at 28°C) in tobacco on the two types of media were: Aspergillus flavus, A. flavus var. columnaris, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Penicillium chrysogenum and P. funiculosum. Two samples were heavily contaminated with members of Fusarium (F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. solani). Some fungi were encountered only on plates of cellulose agar as Chaetomium globosum, Siachybotrys atra var. microspora and S. chartarum. At 45°C the most prevalent fungus was A. fumigatus. Truely thermophiles were also collected: Humicola grisea var. thermoidae, Rhizomucor pusillus and Thermoascus aurantiacus.
Based on biological assays (brine shrimp larvae (Artemia salina L.) and Bacillus megatherium test) and chemical analysis of chloroform extraction of tobacco (TLC and UV spectrophotometric), four samples (out of 40) had toxicity and four compounds of mycotoxins were detected namely; aflatoxins B1 & B2 (2 samples; 15.5 and 20.7 μg/kg), zearalenone (1 sample, 5.5 μg) and T-2 toxin (1 sample, 2.8 μg). For studying the tracing of aflatoxins in smoking cigarettes, three doses (10, 20 and 50 fig) of aflatoxins B1 and B2 (w/w, 1:1) were injected each in ten cigarettes. All extracts of cigarettes smoke proved to be non-toxic and mycotoxins not detected. However, aflatoxins were detected in topping filter (2.8, 3.5 and 8.8 μg/the three doses, respectively).
Von 40 Tabakproben wurden 42 Pilzspecies aus 21 Gattungen isoliert. Bei 28°C kamen am häufigsten Aspergillus flavus, A. flavus var. columnaris, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Penicillium chrysogenum und P. funiculosum vor. Zwei Proben waren stark mit Fusarium (F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. solani) kontaminiert. Einige Pilze, wie Chaetomium globosum, Stachybotrys atra var. microspora und S. chartarum traten nur auf Cellulose-Agar auf. Bei 45°C war A. fumigatus vorherrschend. An Thermophilen wurden Humicola grisea var. themoidae, Rhizomucor pusillus und Thermoascus aurantiacus gefunden. In biologischen Tests mit Artemia salina L. und Bacillus megatherium sowie chemischen Analysen von Chloroformextrakten der Tabakproben wurden in 4 von 40 Proben folgende Mycotoxine nachgewiesen: Aflatoxine B1 und B2 (15,5 bzw. 20,7 μg/kg), Zearalenon (5,5 μg/kg) und T-2 Toxin (2,8 u.g/kg). Um den Weg der Aflatoxine beim Zigarettenrauchen zu verfolgen, wurden jeweils 10, 20 und 50 μg Aflatoxine B1 und B2 (w/w, 1:1) in 10 Zigaretten injiziert. In den Extrakten des entsprechenden Zigarettenrauches konnten Mycotoxine nicht nachgewiesen werden, doch wurden in den zugehörigen Filtern 2,8, 3,5 und 8,8 μg Aflatoxine gefunden.