Opportunities and critical issues related to the use of amendments as sustainable remediation techniques

IF 0.8 Q4 WATER RESOURCES
Mara Dal Santo, Giuseppe Alberto Prosperi
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Abstract

This study aims to analyse the opportunities and critical issues related to the use of amendments as remediation techniques. The performance of amendments (Aerobic Bioremediation, In Situ Chemical Oxidation and Surfactants) was compared with the performance of other groundwater remediation technologies (Air Sparging, Pump&Treat, Multi-Phase Extraction, Pump&Reinjection, Monitoring Natural Attenuation) based on a dataset of 180 contaminated sites. The considered factors are: effectiveness of the remediation; cost to remediate; operational time; environmental sustainability. The occurrence and types of amendment-related issues analyzed were studied on the 40 sites where the amendments had been applied. Issues occurred in 20% of the 40 analyzed cases and consisted of: a) partial or total occlusion of the monitoring wells and by-product formation, for example heavy metals (5%); b) uncontrolled increase in contaminant concentrations and potential downstream migration (8%); c) byproduct formation without well obstruction (7%). For each critical event, a detailed analysis was conducted to understand the processes (pH-Eh equilibria, contaminant desorption, hydraulic conductivity reduction), to highlight the design and procedural gaps (surplus of amendment, injection method selection, contaminant removal by purge). However, it has been observed that the issues can be avoided or mitigated with an accurate design, pilot tests performance, with the application of delivery and monitoring protocols, and at least with a prompt response adopting a corrective action plan, if necessary. The use of amendments turns out to be an effective solution: in 64% of the analyzed sites, it led to a significative reduction of the contamination within one year from the application. The cost is about one third if compared to the average of the other technologies. The operational time is about half the average operational time of the other technologies. Based on the results of sustainability analysis, amendments technologies reduce the production of waste, energy and water consumption, and they minimize air emissions. Considering the sustainability in its broadest sense (environmental, economic, and temporal), it is possible to state that the remediation by amendments is the most sustainable and would meet the interest of all the stakeholders.
与使用修订作为可持续补救技术有关的机会和关键问题
本研究旨在分析与使用修正作为补救技术有关的机会和关键问题。基于180个污染场地的数据集,将修正方法(好氧生物修复、原位化学氧化和表面活性剂)的性能与其他地下水修复技术(空气喷射、泵处理、多相萃取、泵回注、监测自然衰减)的性能进行了比较。考虑的因素是:补救的有效性;补救费用;操作时间;环境可持续性。在实施修订的40个地点,研究了与修订有关的问题的发生情况和类型。在40个分析案例中,20%的案例出现了问题,包括:a)监测井和副产品地层的部分或全部堵塞,例如重金属(5%);B)污染物浓度不受控制的增加和潜在的下游迁移(8%);C)无井堵的副产物形成(7%)。对于每个关键事件,都进行了详细的分析,以了解过程(pH-Eh平衡,污染物解吸,水力电导率降低),以突出设计和程序上的差距(修正剩余,注射方法选择,通过吹吹去除污染物)。然而,有人指出,通过精确的设计、试点测试性能、实施交付和监测协议,以及至少在必要时采取纠正行动计划的迅速反应,可以避免或减轻这些问题。使用修正被证明是一种有效的解决方案:在64%的分析站点中,它在应用后的一年内显著减少了污染。与其他技术的平均成本相比,其成本约为三分之一。操作时间大约是其他技术平均操作时间的一半。根据可持续性分析的结果,修正技术减少了废物的产生、能源和水的消耗,并最大限度地减少了空气排放。考虑到最广泛意义上的可持续性(环境、经济和时间),可以说通过修订进行的补救是最可持续的,并且符合所有利益相关者的利益。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
1.80
自引率
50.00%
发文量
36
审稿时长
8 weeks
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