Maximum likelihood estimation of the evolutionary distance of complete genomes of mitochondrial DNA between human and 16 animals

Abstract

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a masterpiece of polynucleotide intelligence provided as a double stranded circular DNA, to be the spirit and manager of molecular activities in eukaryotic cells. The nucleic DNA activity and regulation depend on the signals and the levels of the tRNA and rRNA which mtDNA produced in the cell. The foremost attention-grabbing issue, mtDNA has the ability to adapt with each individual cell by modifying the sequence by slightly the initiation and termination points, likewise, the direction of transcription 5’=>3’ or 3’=>5’.1 Mitochondria generate most of the cellular energy within the form of adenosine triphosphate ATP, regulate cellular oxidation-reduction state and integrate several of the signals for initiating necrobiosis. By means of retrograde signaling, mitochondrial communicate of these events to the nucleus and thus modulate nuclear organic phenomenon and cell cycle. In human, mitochondrial pathology leads to a massive array of pathologies, and many diseases result from various defects of mitochondrial biogenesis and maintenance, metabolism chain complexes or individual mitochondrial proteins.2