Folding nano-scale paper cranes–the power of origami and kirigami in metamaterials

Anna Lappala, N. Macauley
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引用次数: 1

Abstract

Folding, the mechanism of self-assembly into a compact state is universally observed on different scales in a wide range of materials. In this review, we discuss folding and compaction on molecular scales. Generally, folding can be classified into two groups – specific, whereby the number of folding pathways is limited, or non-specific where associations between all functional units are equiprobable, yet directed by a number of physical principles such as coil-globule transition and nucleation processes, regulating the kinetics of collapse as well as the morphology of the final folded state. Complex events such as aggregation, gelation and molecular folding often incorporate both non-specific and specific collapse pathways, linking the two together in a non-trivial manner. Here, we focus on specific ‘designer’ folding pathways of origami and kirigami (a variation of origami that involves cuts) on a molecular scale. These particular folds are a result of highly selective interactions that allow one to robustly produce a large number of stable interaction-dependent collapsed morphologies. Even though the folding of origami relies on trivial operations from a mechanistic perspective, the physics of origami folds is intriguing: origami folds can 1) undergo large reversible deformations 2) show nonlinear auxetic behavior– a property of a material with a negative Poisson’s ratio (i.e. the material expands when tension is applied) 3) bistability (the origami fold has two stable states – expanded and compressed) and 4) topological locking – an increase in resisting force upon folding.1 All the physical properties of origami can be tuned by the geometry of the fold (Figure 1). Like origami, kirigami structures provide multifunctional shape-changing capabilities. Due to an increased number of structural degrees of freedom originating from incisions, kirigami-based 3D nanostructures allow for a larger variety of morphologies as well as load bearing capabilities that are not accessible using traditional origami techniques.2,3
折叠纳米级纸鹤——超材料中折纸和基里伽米的力量
折叠是一种自组装成致密状态的机制,在各种材料的不同尺度上都能普遍观察到。在本文中,我们讨论了分子尺度上的折叠和压实。一般来说,折叠可以分为两类-特异性,其中折叠途径的数量是有限的,或非特异性,其中所有功能单元之间的关联是等概率的,但由许多物理原理指导,如线圈-球转变和成核过程,调节崩溃动力学以及最终折叠态的形态。复杂的事件,如聚集、凝胶和分子折叠,通常包含非特异性和特异性的崩溃途径,以一种重要的方式将两者联系在一起。在这里,我们专注于特定的“设计师”折纸和kirigami(折纸的一种变化,涉及切割)在分子尺度上的折叠路径。这些特殊的折叠是高度选择性相互作用的结果,这种相互作用使人们能够产生大量稳定的依赖于相互作用的折叠形态。尽管从机械的角度来看,折纸的折叠依赖于一些琐碎的操作,但折纸折叠的物理原理却很有趣:折纸褶皱可以1)经历大的可逆变形2)表现出非线性的形变行为-负泊松比材料的特性(即材料在施加张力时膨胀)3)双稳定性(折纸褶皱具有两种稳定状态-膨胀和压缩)和4)拓扑锁定-折叠时阻力的增加1折纸的所有物理特性都可以通过折叠的几何形状来调整(图1)。与折纸一样,kirigami结构提供了多功能的形状改变能力。由于切口产生的结构自由度增加,基于kirigami的3D纳米结构允许更多种类的形态以及使用传统折纸技术无法获得的承载能力
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