Chemical and biological degradation of phytogenic protein components

Abstract

Proteins in the form of biopolymer compounds are the basic components of all objects of natural origin. Hydrolysis of the protein components of plant materials is the main mechanism of biochemical degradation of biomass in nature. The article presents a comparative analysis of data on the composition of protein-bound and free amino acids of objects of plant and other origin. The purpose of the work was to consider the possibility of transformation of protein systems under the influence of enzymes and chemical reagents, leading to the sequential breakdown of protein macrocomplexes to peptides and further to free amino acids. A method of acid hydrolysis of hard protein raw materials is described, which allows almost completely, with a yield of more than 95 %, to degrade the protein structure at a temperature of 105 °C and a hydromodulus of 1:4 in the presence of a 6M solution of hydrochloric or sulfuric acids for 24 hours. the composition of the resulting acid hydrolysates. The possibility of chemical degradation of protein structures in the presence of weak organic acids such as lactic and citric acids is discussed. It has been shown that the resulting product in this case may contain up to a third of free amino acids, as well as 25...35 % of short peptides. Disadvantages of chemical degradation of protein structures due to the possible racemization of free amino acids released during protein hydrolysis in the presence of strong mineral acids and bases are discussed. The possibilities of biochemical defragmentation of plant proteins under the influence of enzymes are discussed. It has been shown that the enzymatic processing of proteins can be carried out with an efficiency of 65...85 % at low temperatures of 30...50 °C for 4...6 h with an enzyme-substrate ratio of 1:10 to 1:100, depending on the activity of the enzyme type and its hydrolase activity. The article presents a brief overview of the features of obtaining protein hydrolysates and compares the kinetics of protein hydrolysis under the influence of enzyme systems, as well as mineral and organic acids. It is concluded that the chemical and biodegradation of plant protein raw materials is promising for obtaining useful components of nutritional systems.