Evidence of Unrecognized Indoor Exposure to Toxic Chlorophenols and Odorous Chloroanisoles in Denmark, Finland, and Norway

IF 4.3 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Indoor air Pub Date : 2023-08-28 DOI:10.1155/2023/2585089
J. Lorentzen, Lars-Erik Harderup, G. Johanson
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Production and use of chlorophenols (CPs) are being phased out around the globe, but with considerable lag in some highly populated countries. The process could be incentivized by leading countries sharing their experiences on problems that occurred, including the built environment. We previously reported that Swedish industry and authorities promoted CPs, including pentachlorophenol (PCP), as wood preservatives in buildings for decades. Yet, Swedish indoor research did not recognize exposure to the hazardous CPs and their odor potent derivatives, the chloroanisoles (CAs), which smell like mold and still evolve from legacy preservatives in damp building structures. We hypothesized that the toxic CPs and odorous CAs could be key players for health and odor problems not only in Sweden but also in the neighboring Nordic countries. We found no reports in scientific medical literature of CPs being used in buildings in these countries. However, grey literature shows that CPs were indeed used, even during building booms, in house exteriors, constructions, and interiors, from the 1950s up to the late 1970s (Denmark) and even the 1990s (Finland and Norway). One application of CPs was in houses erected on dampness-prone house foundations, conditions ideal for formation of odorous CAs through microbial methylation. Furthermore, our searches suggest that these problematic chemicals played hitherto unrecognized key roles when indoor air research evolved. Thus, odor became an important aspect of the “sick building syndrome” in Denmark and an early warning sign of health risks in Finland, as asthma and allergy were attributed to “dampness and mold.” None of the countries addressed the possible links between odor and health effects and exposure to CAs and CPs. In conclusion, our results suggest that unrecognized indoor exposure to toxic CPs and odorous CAs has mislead Nordic indoor air research for decades.
丹麦、芬兰和挪威室内暴露于有毒氯酚和有气味氯苯甲醚的证据
氯酚的生产和使用正在全球范围内逐步淘汰,但在一些人口稠密的国家存在相当大的滞后。这一进程可以通过主要国家分享他们在发生的问题上的经验来激励,包括建筑环境。我们之前报道过,瑞典工业和当局几十年来一直在推广CPs,包括五氯酚(PCP),作为建筑物中的木材防腐剂。然而,瑞典的室内研究并没有发现暴露于有害的氯化石蜡及其气味强的衍生物氯苯甲醚(CAs)中,氯苯甲醚闻起来像霉菌,仍然是从潮湿建筑结构中的遗留防腐剂演变而来的。我们假设有毒的氯化石蜡和有气味的氯化石蜡不仅在瑞典而且在邻近的北欧国家都可能是健康和气味问题的关键因素。我们在科学医学文献中没有发现在这些国家的建筑物中使用cp的报告。然而,灰色文献表明,从20世纪50年代到70年代末(丹麦)甚至90年代(芬兰和挪威),即使在建筑繁荣时期,CPs也确实被用于房屋的外部、建筑和内部。CPs的一个应用是在容易受潮的房屋基础上建造的房屋,这是通过微生物甲基化形成有气味的CAs的理想条件。此外,我们的研究表明,这些有问题的化学物质在室内空气研究的发展过程中发挥了迄今为止未被认识到的关键作用。因此,在丹麦,气味成为“病态建筑综合症”的一个重要方面,在芬兰,气味是健康风险的早期预警信号,因为哮喘和过敏被归因于“潮湿和发霉”。没有一个国家涉及气味和健康影响与接触氯化碳和氯化碳之间的可能联系。总之,我们的研究结果表明,几十年来,未被认识到的室内暴露于有毒的CPs和有气味的CAs误导了北欧室内空气研究。
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来源期刊
Indoor air
Indoor air 环境科学-工程:环境
CiteScore
10.80
自引率
10.30%
发文量
175
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: The quality of the environment within buildings is a topic of major importance for public health. Indoor Air provides a location for reporting original research results in the broad area defined by the indoor environment of non-industrial buildings. An international journal with multidisciplinary content, Indoor Air publishes papers reflecting the broad categories of interest in this field: health effects; thermal comfort; monitoring and modelling; source characterization; ventilation and other environmental control techniques. The research results present the basic information to allow designers, building owners, and operators to provide a healthy and comfortable environment for building occupants, as well as giving medical practitioners information on how to deal with illnesses related to the indoor environment.
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