Modified risk factors for presence of microalbuminuria in saudi adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

In both developed and developing countries, diabetes mellitus is common and result from both environmental etiological and genetic factors.1‒3 Over 90% of diabetes is type 2 diabetes (T2DM) The natural history of diabetic nephropathy (DN) from prospective data is less well described for T2DM.4 The earliest clinical sign of DN, defined as microalbuminuria (MA) which is an elevated urinary excretion of albumin. MA is defined as an albumin excretion rate (AER) of 20‒199 g/min in a timed or a 24-hr urine collection which is an equivalent to 30 –299 mg/g creatinine in a random spot sample).5 The increased risk for renal and cardiovascular disease in T2DM is associated with the development of MA.6‒8 In many regions of the world, end-stage renal disease incidence in T2DM has risen.9‒10 Diabetes is estimated to increase the risk of end-stage renal disease approximately 12-fold and is also one of the predictor for cardiovascular disease.11,12‒16 MA was found in 17-40% of patients with T2DM.17‒22