Seasonality in Particulates Distribution from Dumpsites in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: A Health Risk Assessment Approach

Glory Richard, M. Nwagbara, V. Weli
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引用次数: 6

Abstract

Seasonality in the Niger Delta is a function of two main seasons, dry and wet periods, with rainfalls beginning from April to October with intermittent break often referred to as: August break and dry season from November terminating in March of the following year. In August, there is a decline in amount of rainfall often referred to as little dry season i.e end of July to beginning of August (Adejuwon and Odekunle, 2006). In recent times, it appears that rainfall pattern is beginning to shift from the conventional known time. For instance, Adejuwon (2011) studied seasonal patterns in the Niger Delta between 1931 and 1997 and reported that raining season begins from February/March to November and dry season from December to January/February. This variation could be associated to difference in rainfall determinant factors linked to inter-tropical discontinuity (Adejuwon, 2011). The patterns, distribution and total amount of rainfall are important aspects of the Niger Delta climate. According to Omogbai (2010), the factors that enhance or inhibit rainfall precipitation in West Africa and Nigeria in particular is the progression or regression of the zone of influence of the tropical maritime air mass and related discontinuity zone. Several human activities often cause air pollution. But in developing country like Nigeria most of the activities are seldom monitored apart from oil and gas sector and few other manufacturing/ production facilities. Many of these manufacturing sectors generate wastes some of which are treated before discharge into the environment. However, the Abstract: This study evaluated seasonality in particulates distribution from waste dump sites in some selected Niger Delta states. The particulates (PM1, PM 2.5, PM 4, PM 7, PM 10, and TSP) were determined at 3 distances (3.05 meter, 7.62 meter and 15.24 meter) for 6 months covering the predominant seasons (wet and dry) Delta, Bayelsa, Rivers and Abia states. The particulates were measured with mini-volume air sampler and the health risk was carried out following standard protocol. The health risk assessment was carried under two background scenarios (median and geometric mean). Results for PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM7, PM10, TSP ranged from 16.43 – 24.71μg/m3, 26.44 – 40.10 μg/m3, 41.64 – 61.53 μg/m3, 62.37 – 98.54 μg/m3, 81.63 – 141.51μg/m3, 110.20 – 270.91μg/m3, respectively. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant variations at p<0.05 across the distances, locations and months of study and their interactions. In addition, the particulates showed significant relationship with each other at p<0.01. The particulates were higher during the dry season compared to wet season, suggesting the influence of climate/weather condition. Health risk assessment showed that particulates were within slight pollution (50
尼日利亚尼日尔三角洲地区垃圾场颗粒分布的季节性:一种健康风险评估方法
尼日尔三角洲的季节性是两个主要季节的功能,旱季和雨季,降雨从4月开始到10月,通常被称为间歇性中断:8月中断,旱季从11月开始,到次年3月结束。8月,降雨量下降,通常被称为小旱季,即7月底至8月初(Adejuwon和Odekunle, 2006年)。近年来,降雨模式似乎开始偏离传统的已知时间。例如,Adejuwon(2011)研究了尼日尔三角洲1931年至1997年的季节模式,报告称雨季从2月/ 3月开始至11月,旱季从12月开始至1月/ 2月。这种变化可能与与热带间断性有关的降雨决定因素的差异有关(Adejuwon, 2011)。降雨的模式、分布和总量是尼日尔三角洲气候的重要方面。根据Omogbai(2010)的研究,在西非特别是尼日利亚,增强或抑制降水的因素是热带海洋气团和相关的不连续带的影响区进退。一些人类活动经常造成空气污染。但在像尼日利亚这样的发展中国家,除了石油和天然气部门和少数其他制造/生产设施外,大多数活动很少受到监测。许多这些制造部门产生废物,其中一些废物在排放到环境之前经过处理。摘要:本研究评估了尼日尔三角洲部分州垃圾场颗粒物分布的季节性。颗粒物(PM1、PM 2.5、PM 4、PM 7、PM 10和TSP)在3个距离(3.05米、7.62米和15.24米)上进行了6个月的测定,覆盖了主要季节(干湿)三角洲、巴耶尔萨、河流和阿比亚州。采用小体积空气采样器对颗粒物进行了测量,并按照标准方案进行了健康风险评估。在两种背景情景(中位数和几何平均)下进行健康风险评估。PM1、PM2.5、PM4、PM7、PM10、TSP分别为16.43 ~ 24.71μg/m3、26.44 ~ 40.10 μg/m3、41.64 ~ 61.53 μg/m3、62.37 ~ 98.54 μg/m3、81.63 ~ 141.51μg/m3、110.20 ~ 270.91μg/m3。方差分析表明,在学习的距离、地点和月份及其相互作用之间存在p<0.05的显著差异。此外,各颗粒物间呈极显著相关(p<0.01)。旱季颗粒物含量高于雨季,受气候/天气条件的影响。健康风险评价结果显示,颗粒物在轻度污染(50
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