Size, site, and signaling: Three attributes of estrogen receptors

J. Desouza, Sushama Gadkar, D. Jagtap, G. Sachdeva
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引用次数: 2

Abstract

Estrogens are implicated in a diverse range of functions varying from reproduction, circulation, skeletal health to neuroprotection. Estrogens are also being increasingly recognized for their pathological contribution to cancers of various organs. This has spurred several investigations on estrogen-initiated signaling mechanisms in various cell types in physiological and pathological conditions. Estrogens exert their biological actions through a class of conventional nuclear receptors known as estrogen receptors (ERs), majorly of two subtypes – ERα and ERβ, both encoded by different genes, and each has multiple isoforms. It is reported that different ER subtypes and their specific isoforms have overlapping and nonoverlapping functions. Moreover, ER functions are highly cell-context specific. Thus, it is difficult to propose a unified scheme for estrogen signaling. Another layer of complexity is added by diverse subcellular localization, i.e., nucleus, plasma membrane, and cytosol, of ERs in estrogen-responsive tissues. Size as well as site dictates the sequence of cellular events triggered by estrogen signaling. This review compiles the existing information on different subtypes, different isoforms, and different sites of subcellular localization of ERs.
大小,位置和信号:雌激素受体的三个属性
雌激素涉及多种功能,从生殖、循环、骨骼健康到神经保护。雌激素也被越来越多地认识到其病理贡献的各种器官的癌症。这激发了对生理和病理条件下各种细胞类型中雌激素启动信号机制的研究。雌激素通过一类被称为雌激素受体(er)的常规核受体发挥其生物作用,雌激素受体(er)主要有两种亚型- ERα和ERβ,它们由不同的基因编码,每种都有多种同工型。据报道,不同的内质网亚型及其特异性异构体具有重叠和不重叠的功能。此外,内质网功能具有高度的细胞特异性。因此,很难提出一个统一的方案雌激素信号。雌激素反应组织中er的不同亚细胞定位(即细胞核、质膜和细胞质)增加了另一层复杂性。大小和位置决定了由雌激素信号触发的细胞事件的顺序。本文综述了内质网不同亚型、不同亚型和不同亚细胞定位位点的现有信息。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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