Heat-Insulating Black Electrochromic Device Enabled by Reversible Nickel–Copper Electrodeposition

Abstract

An electrochromic device (ECD), which can switch between black and transmissive states under electrical bias, is a promising candidate for smart windows due to its color neutrality and excellent durability. Most of the black ECDs are achieved through a reversible electrodeposition and dissolution mechanism; however, they typically suffer from relatively poor cycling stability and a slow coloration/bleaching time. Herein, we present a heat-insulating black ECD with a gel electrolyte that operates via reversible Ni–Cu electrodeposition and dissolution. With the adoption of a Cu alloying strategy and a compatible gel electrolyte, this two-electrode ECD (5.0 cm × 2.5 cm) can achieve a cycling stability of 1500 cycles with transmittance modulation up to 55.2% in short coloration (6.2 s) and bleaching times (13.2 s) at a wavelength of 550 nm. Additionally, the ECD can be switched from the transparent state (visible light transmittance: 0.566) to the opaque state (visible light transmittance: 0.003) within 1 min, reaching transmittance less than 5% across the visible–near-infrared spectrum (400–2000 nm) to efficiently block solar heat. Besides, in the voltage-off state, the black Ni–Cu alloy film can be sustained for more than 60 min (at room temperature, λ = 550 nm). Under infrared irradiation (170 W/m²) for 30 min, the black ECD blocks up to 35.0% of infrared radiation, which not only effectively prevents the heat transmission for energy management but also finds potential applications for promoting indoor human health and indoor farming.