Prevalence of and demographic factors associated with domestic violence among Iranian older adults: the results of Urban HEART-2

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of and demographic factors associated with domestic violence among Iranian older adults based on the Urban HEART-2 project in Tehran, Iran. The study was a part of the second round of the Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool (Urban HEART-2) project, which was a large, populationbased, cross-sectional study. Individuals aged ≥ 60 years were selected randomly through a multistage, cluster sampling method from 368 neighborhoods of 22 districts of Tehran. A total of 15,069 older adults, 79% married and 45.22% female, were included in the study. The mean age of the participants was 68.93 ± 7.27 years. The overall prevalence of physical domestic violence was 2.32%. Factors such as age, gender, schooling, and having a disability were significantly associated with domestic violence (p < .05). These results are likely to be an underestimate of what really happens in the community, as many authors have mentioned previously. Therefore, it is necessary to broaden our perspectives on the phenomenon of domestic violence against the elderly, especially in the fields of public health and nursing. key words domestic violence; older adults; prevalence; Urban HEART Vahid Rashedi id 1,2 · C,D,E,F Mohsen Asadi-Lari 3 · A,B,G Mahshid Foroughan 2 · D,F Agata Rudnik 4 · E,F Prevalence of and demographic factors associated with domestic violence among Iranian older adults: the results of Urban HEART-2 organization – 1: School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran · 2: Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran · 3: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran · 4: Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Gdansk, Poland authors’ contributions – A: Study design · B: Data collection · C: Statistical analysis · D: Data interpretation · E: Manuscript preparation · F: Literature search · G: Funds collection corresponding author – Prof. Vahid Rashedi, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, e-mail: rashedi.v@iums.ac.ir; vahidrashedi@yahoo.com to cite this article – Rashedi, V., Asadi-Lari, M., Foroughan M., & Rudnik, A. (2019). Prevalence of and demographic factors associated with domestic violence among Iranian older adults: the results of Urban HEART-2. Health Psychology Report, 7(1), 81–85. https://doi.org/10.5114/hpr.2019.82640 received 29.11.2018 · reviewed 15.12.2018 · accepted 28.12.2018 · published 30.01.2019 Vahid Rashedi, Mohsen Asadi-Lari, Mahshid Foroughan, Agata Rudnik 82 health psychology report Background Domestic violence is a complex and multi-dimensional problem that is defined as each and every act of violence or neglect which harms well-being, physical and psychological integrity, or freedom and the right of a family member and interferes with her/his full development (Reis, Gomes, Reis, Menezes, & Carneiro, 2014). The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined seven types of violence: physical abuse (defined as the use of physical force); emotional or psychological abuse (defined as the infliction of verbal or nonverbal aggressive acts); neglect (defined as the refusal or failure to fulfill any part of a person’s obligations or duties toward an elder); self-neglect (the behavior of an elderly person in a way that threatens his/her own health or safety); abandonment (the desertion of an elderly person by an individual who has assumed responsibility for providing care for him/her); financial or material exploitation (the illegal or improper use of an elder’s funds, property, or assets); and sexual abuse (non-consensual sexual contact of any kind with an elderly person) (World Health Organization, 2002b). The impact of domestic violence on older adults has been less of a focus, and the research into this area is patchy and largely inconclusive (Knight & Hester, 2016). The WHO states that the prevalence of violence experienced by the elderly varies widely and ranges from 1% to 35% (Perel-Levin, 2008). Domestic violence is a problem that manifests itself in both rich and poor countries and at all levels of society (World Health Organization, 2002a). Studies have shown that the prevalence of domestic violence among older adults is 2.20% in Ireland (Naughton et al., 2011), 5.70% in Egypt (Abdel Rahman & El Gaafary, 2012), 12.30% in Portugal (Gil et al., 2015), and in the range of 13.90% to 25.80% among Chinese older adults living in the Greater Chicago area (Dong, Chen, Fulmer, & Simon, 2014). A systematic review and meta-analysis showed that the overall elder abuse prevalence in Iran was 56.40% with a 95% confidence interval of 35.10-75.50% (Molaei, Etemad, & Taheri Tanjani, 2017). Many factors are known to be associated with domestic violence, some of which are modifiable. For example, poor and illiterate women and those with low socioeconomic status are at higher risk of domestic violence (Kalokhe et al., 2017). The increasing incidence of violence against older people is speculated to be a consequence of cultural and social transition processes, changes in social norms and values, and a growing social tolerance for maltreatment of elders (Tobiasz-Adamczyk, Brzyski, & Brzyska, 2014). Over the last decades, life expectancy has grown in Iran, and currently, over 7.4 million people age 60 years and older, about 9.27% of the population, live in Iran (Statistical Center of Iran, 2018). Violence against older people remains as a taboo topic in Iran and is still not a well-recognized phenomenon. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of and demographic factors associated with domestic violence among Iranian older adults based on the Urban HEART-2 project in Tehran, Iran. ParTIcIPanTS and ProcEdurE This is a secondary analysis study. The study was a part of the second round of the Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool (Urban HEART-2) project, which was a large population-based cross-sectional study. In this study, individuals aged ≥ 60 years were selected randomly through a multistage, cluster sampling method from 368 neighborhoods of 22 districts of Tehran, the capital of Iran, in October 2011. Urban HEART is a user-friendly guide for local and national officials to identify health inequities with the aim of planning actions to reduce them. Using evidence from the WHO’s Commission on Social Determinants of Health, Urban HEART encourages policy-makers to develop a holistic approach in tackling health equity. Since the launch of the pilot program in 2008, Urban HEART has been pilot-tested in various cities in Iran, Brazil, Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. By 2011, officials in nearly 50 countries had been trained in using Urban HEART (World Health Organization, 2018). Details of the sampling process in Iran are covered in our previous work (Rashedi et al., 2017; Rashedi, AsadiLari, Foroughan, Delbari, & Fadayevatan, 2016). All the participants were interviewed by the interviewers who had been trained during a two-day workshop prior to the data gathering. The aims of the survey were explained to the participants and they were told that they could withdraw from the study at any time during the interview. The data gathering was performed using a standard questionnaire on domestic violence as well as a socio-demographic checklist. The domestic violence questionnaire was developed by experts of the field and its face and content validity was verified by a panel of national experts from various disciplines (Asadi-Lari et al., 2010). The statistical software SPSS 22.0 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) was used for all the statistical analyses. The descriptive measures were mean, standard deviation, percentages, and frequencies. The chi-square test was used to test associations between variables. The map was created using ArcGIS 10.2.