Effect of Fast Charging on Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review

Abstract

In recent years we have seen a dramatic shift toward the use of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) in a variety of applications, including portable electronics, electric vehicles (EVs), and grid storage. Even though more and more car companies are making electric models, people still worry about how far the batteries will go and how long it will take to charge them. It is common knowledge that the high currents that are necessary to quicken the charging process also lower the energy efficiency of the battery and cause it to lose capacity and power more quickly. We need an understanding of atoms and systems to better comprehend fast charging (FC) and enhance its effectiveness. These difficulties are discussed in detail in this work, which examines the literature on physical phenomena limiting battery charging speeds as well as the degradation mechanisms that typically occur while charging at high currents. Special consideration is given to charging at low temperatures. The consequences for safety are investigated, including the possible impact that rapid charging could have on the characteristics of thermal runaway (TR). In conclusion, knowledge gaps are analyzed, and recommendations are made as regards the path that subsequent studies should take. Furthermore, there is a need to give more attention to creating dependable onboard methods for detecting lithium plating (LP) and mechanical damage. It has been observed that robust charge optimization processes based on models are required to ensure faster charging in any environment. Thermal management strategies to both cool batteries while these are being charged and heat them up when these are cold are important, and a lot of attention is paid to methods that can do both quickly and well.