Controlling Tobacco Diseases: An Overview of Black Shank and Fusarium Wilt

R. Pandey
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Abstract

Black shank, caused by Phytophthora nicotianae, and Fusarium wilt, caused by the Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. nicotianae, are major diseases affecting tobacco crops globally. Phytophthora nicotianae is primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions and infects tobacco plants by producing zoospores that swim to root tissue and form cysts. Symptoms of black shank include root and crown rot, wilting, leaf chlorosis, stem lesions, and pith necrosis. Management strategies for black shank include cultural practices, chemical treatments, and host resistance. Chemical fungicides, such as metalaxyl or mefenoxam, oxathiapiprolin, and fluopicolide, can be used but there is a risk of fungicide resistance. Fusarium wilt is characterized by yellowing, drying, and death of leaves, leading to the death of the entire plant. Control measures for Fusarium wilt include plant resistance, cleanliness, crop rotation, nutrition, nematode management, and fumigation or biofumigation. The most successful control of Fusarium wilt has been through the use of resistant tobacco cultivars. The impact of rotation crops and resistant plants on the pathogen populations in the soil must be evaluated and soil pH and calcium levels may also impact the disease. The presence of the fungus in a field can last for several years without a vulnerable host. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 11(1): 1-7.
烟草病害防治:黑胫病和枯萎病综述
烟草疫霉(Phytophthora nicotianae)引起的黑胫病(blackshank)和烟草枯萎病(Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. nicotianae)引起的枯萎病(Fusarium wilt)是全球影响烟草作物的主要病害。烟草疫霉主要存在于热带和亚热带地区,通过产生游动孢子感染烟草植株,游动孢子游到根组织并形成包囊。黑胫病的症状包括根和冠腐、萎蔫、叶褪绿、茎损伤和髓坏死。黑胫病的管理策略包括文化实践、化学处理和宿主抗性。可使用化学杀菌剂,如甲氨甲酯或甲非诺萨姆、oxathiapiprolin和氟哌酸酯,但有产生杀菌剂耐药性的风险。枯萎病的特点是叶片变黄、干燥和死亡,导致整个植物死亡。枯萎病的控制措施包括植物抗性、清洁、作物轮作、营养、线虫管理和熏蒸或生物熏蒸。最成功的控制枯萎病是通过使用抗性烟草品种。必须评估轮作作物和抗性植物对土壤中病原体种群的影响,土壤pH和钙水平也可能影响病害。在没有脆弱宿主的情况下,这种真菌可以在田地里存活数年。j:。科学。Biotechnol。卷十一(1):1-7。
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