A New Theoretical Approach to Ancestry Estimation as Applied to Human Crania

4区 生物学 Q2 Medicine
Michael W. Kenyhercz
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Since Frank Livingstone proposed the idea that there are no races, only clines, in 1962, little has changed in how anthropologists study and, ultimately, estimate ancestry. How we talk about the study of human variation may have changed—shifting away from “racial” labels and toward those of supposed ancestral origins—but the methods we use to label and analyze groups, however termed, have remained the same. The author suggests a new theoretical approach to ancestry estimation that does not rely on group labels, using the Howells Craniometric Data Set as an example. In the suggested workflow, the data structures itself into natural clusters, referred to as “morphogroups,” without relying on a group label. Each morphogroup is explored for subgroups, and the process is repeated until no further distinctions can be made. At each level an individual is compared to the morphogroup in a descriptive manner, focusing on similarities and differences. Lastly, a multi-iteration classification procedure, using random forest modeling, classifies by morphogroup. In this test, hierarchical clustering identifies the optimal number of natural clusters within the data, and principal components analysis is used to explore morphogroups. (The author provides a markdown file of all code used, at https://rpubs.com/kenyhercz2/717620.) Using this suggested workflow, the author identifies three main morphogroups in the Howells data set, each with different numbers of subclusters ranging from 0 to 8. Morphogroup correct classifications are typically in the mid-90% range, and the accompanying sex estimations, between 93% and 100% correct. The author emphasizes that this is but one of myriad ways ancestry could be estimated. Human variation and identity are not static, and we should help one another rethink and redefine what is possible for our field.
一种应用于人类颅骨的祖先估计新理论方法
自从弗兰克·利文斯通在1962年提出没有种族,只有血统的观点以来,人类学家研究和最终估计祖先的方式几乎没有改变。我们谈论人类变异研究的方式可能已经发生了变化——从“种族”标签转向所谓的祖先起源——但我们用来标记和分析群体的方法,无论如何命名,都保持不变。作者提出了一种新的理论方法来估计祖先,不依赖于群体标签,使用豪威尔斯颅测量数据集为例。在建议的工作流中,数据本身结构为自然集群,称为“形态组”,而不依赖于组标签。每个形态群都被探索出子群,重复这个过程,直到没有进一步的区分。在每个层次上,个体都以描述性的方式与形态群进行比较,重点是相似性和差异性。最后,利用随机森林模型进行多迭代分类,根据形态群进行分类。在此测试中,分层聚类确定数据中自然聚类的最佳数量,并使用主成分分析来探索形态群。(作者在https://rpubs.com/kenyhercz2/717620上提供了所使用的所有代码的标记文件。)使用这个建议的工作流程,作者在Howells数据集中确定了三个主要的形态群,每个都有不同数量的子簇,范围从0到8。形态群的正确分类通常在90%的中间范围内,而相应的性别估计在93%到100%之间。作者强调,这只是估算祖先的众多方法之一。人类的变异和身份不是一成不变的,我们应该互相帮助,重新思考和重新定义我们这个领域的可能性。
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来源期刊
Human Biology
Human Biology 生物-生物学
CiteScore
1.90
自引率
0.00%
发文量
88
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Human Biology publishes original scientific articles, brief communications, letters to the editor, and review articles on the general topic of biological anthropology. Our main focus is understanding human biological variation and human evolution through a broad range of approaches. We encourage investigators to submit any study on human biological diversity presented from an evolutionary or adaptive perspective. Priority will be given to interdisciplinary studies that seek to better explain the interaction between cultural processes and biological processes in our evolution. Methodological papers are also encouraged. Any computational approach intended to summarize cultural variation is encouraged. Studies that are essentially descriptive or concern only a limited geographic area are acceptable only when they have a wider relevance to understanding human biological variation. Manuscripts may cover any of the following disciplines, once the anthropological focus is apparent: human population genetics, evolutionary and genetic demography, quantitative genetics, evolutionary biology, ancient DNA studies, biological diversity interpreted in terms of adaptation (biometry, physical anthropology), and interdisciplinary research linking biological and cultural diversity (inferred from linguistic variability, ethnological diversity, archaeological evidence, etc.).
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