Use of Xenopus cell-free extracts to study size regulation of subcellular structures.

P. Jevtić, A. Milunović-Jevtić, Matthew R. Dilsaver, J. Gatlin, D. Levy
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引用次数: 3

Abstract

Striking size variations are prominent throughout biology, at the organismal, cellular, and subcellular levels. Important fundamental questions concern organelle size regulation and how organelle size is regulated relative to cell size, also known as scaling. Uncovering mechanisms of organelle size regulation will inform the functional significance of size as well as the implications of misregulated size, for instance in the case of nuclear enlargement in cancer. Xenopus egg and embryo extracts are powerful cell-free systems that have been utilized extensively for mechanistic and functional studies of various organelles and subcellular structures. The open biochemical nature of the extract permits facile manipulation of its composition, and in recent years extract approaches have illuminated mechanisms of organelle size regulation. This review largely focuses on in vitro Xenopus studies that have identified regulators of nuclear and spindle size. We also discuss potential relationships between size scaling of the nucleus and spindle, size regulation of other subcellular structures, and extract experiments that have clarified developmental timing mechanisms. We conclude by offering some future prospects, notably the integration of Xenopus extract with microfluidic technology.
利用爪蟾无细胞提取物研究亚细胞结构的大小调节。
在生物体、细胞和亚细胞水平上,惊人的大小变化在整个生物学中都很突出。重要的基本问题涉及细胞器大小调节以及细胞器大小如何相对于细胞大小进行调节,也称为缩放。揭示细胞器大小调节的机制将告知大小的功能意义以及大小调节不当的含义,例如在癌症的核增大的情况下。爪蟾卵和胚胎提取物是一种强大的无细胞系统,已广泛用于各种细胞器和亚细胞结构的机制和功能研究。开放的生物化学性质的提取物允许其成分易于操作,近年来提取方法已经阐明了细胞器大小调节的机制。这篇综述主要集中在体外爪蟾的研究中,这些研究已经确定了核和纺锤体大小的调节因子。我们还讨论了核和纺锤体大小缩放之间的潜在关系,其他亚细胞结构的大小调节,以及已经阐明发育定时机制的提取实验。最后,展望了非洲爪蟾提取物与微流控技术的应用前景。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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