Therapeutic alliance and childhood interpersonal trauma: The role of attachment, cultural humility, and therapeutic presence

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the role of insecure attachment style, cultural humility, and therapeutic presence in the development of therapeutic alliance in a sample of adults with a history of childhood interpersonal trauma (N = 251). Multiple regression analyses indicated that cultural humility, therapeutic presence, and lower levels of attachment anxiety together accounted for 66.6% of the variance in therapeutic alliance. Implications for counselors, limitations, and directions for future research are provided.