Is There a Motherhood Wage Penalty for Highly Skilled Women

IF 1.1 4区 经济学 Q3 ECONOMICS
Gafni Dalit, Siniver Erez
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引用次数: 3

Abstract

We use a unique data set of all individuals who graduated from universities in Israel during the period 1995–2008 in order to investigate the widening of the gender wage gap during the years following graduation. It is found that the main explanation is having children, rather than skills or academic background. The results show that each additional child reduces a woman’s wage by 6.6%, and increases a man’s wage by 3.4%. Furthermore, we examine three channels that may explain the motherhood penalty: periods of non-employment, a shift to the public sector and lower-paying firms and the timing of births. Having children increases a woman’s period of non-employment while decreasing a man’s, and each month of non-employment due to maternity leave reduces a woman’s wage by 1.0%, while non-employment reduces a man’s wage by only 0.6%. Mothers tend to shift from the private to the public sector and from higher-paying to lower-paying firms, which offer a more flexible and more convenient work environment, at the cost of a lower salary. Finally, a delay in having children increases a woman’s wage while having little, if any, effect on a man’s wage. Furthermore, controlling for this variable reduces the estimated motherhood penalty.
高技能女性是否有做母亲的工资惩罚
我们使用了1995年至2008年期间从以色列大学毕业的所有个人的独特数据集,以调查毕业后几年性别工资差距的扩大。研究发现,主要原因是有孩子,而不是技能或学术背景。结果显示,每多生一个孩子,女性的工资就会减少6.6%,男性的工资则会增加3.4%。此外,我们研究了三个可能解释母性惩罚的渠道:不就业时期,向公共部门和低薪公司的转变以及生育时间。生育孩子增加了女性的失业时间,而减少了男性的失业时间,由于产假而失业的每个月使女性的工资减少1.0%,而非就业使男性的工资仅减少0.6%。母亲们倾向于从私营部门转到公共部门,从高收入公司转到低收入公司,这些公司提供更灵活、更方便的工作环境,但代价是工资较低。最后,推迟生育会提高女性的工资,而对男性的工资几乎没有影响。此外,控制这个变量减少了估计的母性惩罚。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
1.50
自引率
11.10%
发文量
33
期刊介绍: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy welcomes submissions that employ microeconomics to analyze issues in business, consumer behavior, and public policy. We aim to be an international forum for scholarship, whether the scholarship considers an issue that is general or that pertains to a particular country or region, but authors should bear in mind that our readers come from around the world. Potential issues of interest include: the interaction of firms, the functioning of markets, the effects of domestic and international policy, and the design of organizations and institutions.
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