Laser Diffraction Particle Size Distribution of North American Turfgrass Horse Racing Surfaces

IF 1.2 4区 农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
P. Schmitt, Victoria L. Stanton, Michael Peterson
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引用次数: 3

Abstract

Highlights Laser diffraction analysis of soil particle size distribution is uniquely suited for active turf racetracks. Eight standard sampling locations are shown to be sufficient for characterizing a racing surface. Differences between the three archetypes of turfgrass racing surfaces were significant using laser diffraction. There is a need for consensus on the proper handling of organic content in samples. Abstract. Significant research has focused on North American dirt and synthetic Thoroughbred racing surfaces. Turfgrass racing surfaces have received less consideration. Basic information, including climate and turfgrass species, can be documented relatively easily. However, a key characteristic, the particle size distribution of the growing medium, is not readily available for turf tracks. Particle size distribution and the deviation from nominal values are important to infiltration rate, shear strength, and turf health, as well as being critical for the selection of top-dressing and divot repair sand. The primary difficulty with obtaining the particle size distribution is the relatively large quantity of material required for traditional sedimentation test methods. Sampling an active racing surface could present a risk to the horses and riders. Laser diffraction testing methods present an opportunity to use much smaller samples. The use of smaller samples introduces new questions about the ability of a small sample to represent a large area, such as a racetrack. Tests were carried out with high resolution sampling at one racetrack. By sampling a large number of locations, 96 locations on a single racetrack, the variability of the track could be evaluated, and an eight-sample protocol was developed. Using the eight-location protocol, 22 additional turf racetracks throughout North America were sampled. A total of 23 turf racetracks were tested, representing all three of the designs used for North American turf racetracks. By looking at the three different track designs: engineered profile, engineered profile with fiber, and native soil, appropriate testing parameters and measurements were identified. While the primary objective was to understand turf racetracks, this unique data set also provided a method to investigate the applicability of laser diffraction for the analysis of soil samples. Mineralogy and organic content had previously been identified as important in the measurement of particle size distribution using laser diffraction. Mineralogy and organic content were determined for samples from each surface using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and loss on ignition. The PSD of the three types of turfgrass horse racing surfaces showed significant differences between native soil (N), engineered surfaces without synthetic fibers (EWOF), and engineered surfaces with synthetic fibers (EWF). These basic design descriptions were also found to be sufficient for making reasonable estimates of the settings used in the machine configuration and sample preparation. A single refractive index was used for the entire range of samples in this group; however, the sample quantity tested was different for the three different types of track designs. Keywords: Horse, Laser diffraction, Racing, Soil, Thoroughbred, Turf, Turfgrass.
北美草坪草赛马场的激光衍射粒度分布
激光衍射分析土壤粒度分布是唯一适合于活跃的草皮赛道。八个标准采样点被证明足以表征一个赛车表面。激光衍射结果表明,三种原型草坪草皮表面之间存在显著差异。有必要对样品中有机含量的正确处理达成共识。摘要重要的研究集中在北美的泥土和合成纯种马赛车表面。人造草坪比赛场地得到的考虑较少。基本信息,包括气候和草坪草种类,可以相对容易地记录下来。然而,一个关键的特征,生长介质的粒度分布,并不容易获得草皮跑道。粒径分布和偏离标称值对渗透速率、抗剪强度和草皮健康都很重要,对选择追肥砂和草皮修复砂也很关键。获得粒度分布的主要困难是传统沉降试验方法所需的物料量相对较大。对活跃的赛马场进行采样可能会给马匹和骑手带来风险。激光衍射测试方法提供了使用更小样本的机会。小样本的使用带来了关于小样本代表大区域(如跑道)的能力的新问题。在一个赛马场进行了高分辨率采样试验。通过对单个赛道上的96个地点进行大量采样,可以评估赛道的可变性,并制定了8个样本方案。使用八位置协议,在北美另外22个草皮赛道进行了采样。总共测试了23条草皮跑道,代表了北美草皮跑道使用的所有三种设计。通过观察三种不同的赛道设计:工程赛道、纤维赛道和土赛道,确定了合适的测试参数和测量值。虽然主要目的是了解草皮赛道,但这一独特的数据集也为研究激光衍射分析土壤样品的适用性提供了一种方法。矿物学和有机含量以前被认为是使用激光衍射测量粒度分布的重要因素。利用x射线衍射(XRD)和着火损失测定了样品的矿物学和有机含量。3种草坪草赛马场表面的PSD在天然土壤(N)、人工合成纤维(EWOF)和人工合成纤维(EWF)表面之间存在显著差异。这些基本的设计描述也被发现足以对机器配置和样品制备中使用的设置做出合理的估计。在这组样品的整个范围内使用单一折射率;然而,三种不同类型轨道设计的测试样本量是不同的。关键词:马,激光衍射,赛马,土壤,纯种马,草坪,草坪草。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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