{"title":"Monitoring seasonal variations of haloacetic acids (HAAS) in low-TOC and low-chlorine networks and assessing risk to public health: Muş, Türkiye case","authors":"E. Avşar, Adile Kılıç","doi":"10.17159/wsa/2023.v49.i3.4004","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Chlorine not only removes parasitic pathogenic microorganisms in water, but also causes the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) that can be carcinogenic to humans, due to reacting with natural organic matter (NOMs) in raw water sources. Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are one of the most well-known and common disinfection by-product groups (DBPs) in the literature. In the risk definitions of the EPA, some of its components have been identified as carcinogenic. Therefore, determination of HAA concentration in water and execution of a risk analysis are very important in terms of determining the possible effects on public health. This study aimed to monitor the seasonal and spatial variations of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in 2 different water supplies (surface and groundwater) serving the city center of Muş Province, Türkiye, and to demonstrate their public health implications. In this context, an analytical study was conducted covering 4 seasons. According to the results, although the amount of NOM in water bodies was less than 1 mg‧L−1, the HAA5 content may occasionally exceed the USEPA limits of 60 µg‧L−1, but did not exceed the Canadian 80 µg‧L−1 limit. When the WHO limit values were examined on a component basis, it was determined that the MCAA concentrations in both water sources sometimes exceeded the limit of 20 µg‧L−1 in the July and October sampling periods. The risk level related to maximum DCAA level in the main network by means of ingestion pathway was found to be 18.7 times higher for women and 16.5 times higher for men when compared with USEPA risk criteria. Also, in the Muratpaşa water network, risk from DCAA exceeds the USEPA risk level 15.2-fold in women and 13.4-fold in men. However, since it was also found that the level of free chlorine in the network does not meet the required level, it should be noted that there may be an increase in the risk level if there is adequate chlorination in the supply.","PeriodicalId":23623,"journal":{"name":"Water SA","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0000,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Water SA","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.17159/wsa/2023.v49.i3.4004","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"WATER RESOURCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Chlorine not only removes parasitic pathogenic microorganisms in water, but also causes the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) that can be carcinogenic to humans, due to reacting with natural organic matter (NOMs) in raw water sources. Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are one of the most well-known and common disinfection by-product groups (DBPs) in the literature. In the risk definitions of the EPA, some of its components have been identified as carcinogenic. Therefore, determination of HAA concentration in water and execution of a risk analysis are very important in terms of determining the possible effects on public health. This study aimed to monitor the seasonal and spatial variations of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in 2 different water supplies (surface and groundwater) serving the city center of Muş Province, Türkiye, and to demonstrate their public health implications. In this context, an analytical study was conducted covering 4 seasons. According to the results, although the amount of NOM in water bodies was less than 1 mg‧L−1, the HAA5 content may occasionally exceed the USEPA limits of 60 µg‧L−1, but did not exceed the Canadian 80 µg‧L−1 limit. When the WHO limit values were examined on a component basis, it was determined that the MCAA concentrations in both water sources sometimes exceeded the limit of 20 µg‧L−1 in the July and October sampling periods. The risk level related to maximum DCAA level in the main network by means of ingestion pathway was found to be 18.7 times higher for women and 16.5 times higher for men when compared with USEPA risk criteria. Also, in the Muratpaşa water network, risk from DCAA exceeds the USEPA risk level 15.2-fold in women and 13.4-fold in men. However, since it was also found that the level of free chlorine in the network does not meet the required level, it should be noted that there may be an increase in the risk level if there is adequate chlorination in the supply.
期刊介绍:
WaterSA publishes refereed, original work in all branches of water science, technology and engineering. This includes water resources development; the hydrological cycle; surface hydrology; geohydrology and hydrometeorology; limnology; salinisation; treatment and management of municipal and industrial water and wastewater; treatment and disposal of sewage sludge; environmental pollution control; water quality and treatment; aquaculture in terms of its impact on the water resource; agricultural water science; etc.
Water SA is the WRC’s accredited scientific journal which contains original research articles and review articles on all aspects of water science, technology, engineering and policy. Water SA has been in publication since 1975 and includes articles from both local and international authors. The journal is issued quarterly (4 editions per year).