Imaging electrochemiluminescence layer to dissect concentration-dependent light intensity for accurate quantitative analysis

Abstract

As one of most advanced transduction techniques, electrochemiluminescence (ECL), such as that generated by tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium (Ru(bpy)₃²⁺), has been extensively used in chemical sensing and analysis, but the reaction mechanism has not been fully resolved. Aiming at gaining insightful mechanistic information on the coreactant system involving (Ru(bpy)₃²⁺) and tri-n-propylamine (TPrA), herein we investigate the variation of thickness of ECL layer (TEL) with the concentration ratio of (Ru(bpy)₃²⁺) to TPrA (c_Ru/c_TPrA) by ECL microscopy. Using carbon fiber as the working electrode, TEL was observed to grow with the increase of c_Ru/c_TPrA remarkably. In conjunction with finite element simulations, the extension of ECL layer was rationalized to be associated with the incremental contribution of so-called “catalytic route”. This route offers an additional channel of generating remote light emission in solution, apart from surface-confined emission produced by the “oxidative-reduction route”. Given the quantitative analysis of coreactant-type analytes is often based on the calibration curve, namely a graph generated by plotting the measured light intensity of a series of standard solutions against their concentrations, the contribution of “catalytic route” particularly at a low concentration of analyte (equivalent to a relatively large c_Ru/c_TPrA) is favorable to the analytical sensitivity. Moreover, the presence and absence of this route will result in a nonlinear and linear calibration curve, respectively, for example in the detection of TPrA and pyruvate. The results highlight the microwire-based imaging approach can provide insightful mechanistic information and help unveil the concentration dependence of measured ECL intensity for precise quantitative analysis.