Problem questions in studying of the Golden Horde city Mokhshi

Abstract

Research objectives: To analyze the problematic issues of the chronology, periodization, historical development, and economic development of the administrative center of the northeastern ulus of the Golden Horde – the Mokhshi city (Narovchatsky settlement). Research materials: Data from archaeological excavations of the Narovchatsky settlement, numismatic collections of the Golden Horde coins, and previously published works on this issue which need a critical approach and the addition of supplementary details. Results and novelty of the research: The history of the existence of this city covers the period from the XII century to the beginning of the XV century. The main sources are materials from archaeological excavations, including numismatic collection of coins minted in the Mokhshi city. Urban development objects are represented by mausoleums, mosques, industrial sites, and residential buildings, information about which is supplemented by finds of jewelry, household items, and weapons. In the pre-Mongol period, a Mordovian settlement arose here and at the beginning of the 14th century, the ulus center was transferred from the city of Ukek to Mokhshi. From that point, the city experienced its most flourishing period when it became not only an administrative but also a trade and craft center. Copper and silver coins were minted in the city. Buildings made of burnt bricks were erected, a white-stone mosque likewise being built. The development of the production traditions of the local Mordovian population continued, influenced by Volga Bulgaria, and noted changes in the spiritual culture of the site can be associated with the spread of Islam. From the mid-1360s, the decline of both the city itself and its rural districts can be observed.