Evaluating Draft EPA Emissions Models for Laying Hen Facilities

IF 1.2 4区 农林科学 Q3 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
Y. Xiong, Guoming Li, B. Ramirez, R. Burns, R. Gates
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引用次数: 3

Abstract

Highlights Draft EPA emission models for laying hen facilities were systematically evaluated. The models performed poorly on predicting the air pollutants when input variables were out of the NAEMS data range. A key finding was the unanticipated sensitivity of the draft model outputs to bird inventory and climate zones. Further revision and improvement may be necessary for draft models before they can be adopted by the egg industry. Abstract. In August 2021, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released draft models to estimate daily NH3, H2S, PM10, PM2.5, and TSP emissions from egg-layer houses (high-rise and manure-belt) and manure storage using inputs of daily mean ambient temperature, relative humidity (RH), and hen inventory. These models were developed from refined datasets generated by the National Air Emissions Monitoring Study fieldwork completed in 2009. Notably, they do not include data for cage-free housing. Currently, 66% of U.S. laying hens are housed in cages; thus, these models, if adopted, will have a substantial impact on the U.S. egg industry. This study evaluated the EPA draft models’ robustness and assessed model outputs for egg production systems under differing climate scenarios. The EPA draft models distort emission factors for bird inventories to be lower or higher than those used to develop the models. With inventory held constant, the marginal influence of ambient temperature and RH on daily emissions varied substantially, with some values falling below the measurement detection threshold while others exceeding literature findings. For twelve representative U.S. locations representing differing climates, substantial differences in emission factors were found for bird inventories outside the range in the database. Annual emissions estimated from inventories used to develop the EPA models also varied by location. We conclude that the current draft EPA emission models cannot be used to the degree of precision that is suitable to apply to a wide range of layer facilities, particularly cage-free systems. Revisions are suggested to accommodate a greater range of climates, laying hen facility types, and inventories for practical emission estimations. Keywords: Air quality, Ammonia, Egg production, Emission model, Hydrogen sulfide, Particulate matter, Poultry.
评估蛋鸡设施的EPA排放模型草案
重点对蛋鸡设施的EPA排放模型草案进行了系统评估。当输入变量超出NAEMS数据范围时,模型在预测空气污染物方面表现不佳。一个重要的发现是模型草案对鸟类数量和气候带的敏感性出乎意料。在被蛋类行业采用之前,可能需要对模型草案进行进一步修订和改进。摘要2021年8月,美国环境保护署(EPA)发布了模型草案,以日平均环境温度、相对湿度(RH)和母鸡存栏数为输入,估算蛋房(高层和粪肥带)和粪肥库的每日NH3、H2S、PM10、PM2.5和TSP排放量。这些模型是根据2009年完成的国家空气排放监测研究实地工作产生的精炼数据集开发的。值得注意的是,这些数据不包括散养房屋的数据。目前,66%的美国蛋鸡被关在笼子里;因此,这些模型如果被采用,将对美国蛋业产生重大影响。本研究评估了EPA草案模型的稳健性,并评估了不同气候情景下鸡蛋生产系统的模型输出。EPA的模型草案扭曲了鸟类种群的排放因子,使其低于或高于用于开发模型的排放因子。在库存保持不变的情况下,环境温度和相对湿度对日排放量的边际影响变化很大,有些值低于测量检测阈值,有些值超过文献发现。对于代表不同气候的12个具有代表性的美国地点,在数据库范围之外的鸟类种群中发现了排放因子的实质性差异。根据用于开发EPA模型的清单估算的年排放量也因地区而异。我们的结论是,目前的EPA排放模型草案不能精确到适用于广泛的养殖设施,特别是无笼养殖系统的程度。建议进行修订,以适应更大范围的气候、蛋鸡设施类型和实际排放估算的清单。关键词:空气质量,氨,产蛋,排放模型,硫化氢,颗粒物,家禽
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CiteScore
3.10
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