Functional complexity in the chorioallantoic membrane of an oviparous snake: Specializations for calcium uptake from the eggshell

Abstract

The chorioallantoic membrane of oviparous reptiles forms a vascular interface with the eggshell. The eggshell contains calcium, primarily as calcium carbonate. Extraction and mobilization of this calcium by the chorioallantoic membrane contributes importantly to embryonic nutrition. Development of the chorioallantoic membrane is primarily known from studies of squamates and birds. Although there are pronounced differences in eggshell structure, squamate and bird embryos each mobilize calcium from eggshells. Specialized cells in the chicken chorionic epithelium transport calcium from the eggshell aided by a second population of cells that secrete protons generated by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Calcium transporting cells also are present in the chorioallantoic membrane of corn snakes, although these cells function differently than those of chickens. We used histology and immunohistology to characterize the morphology and functional attributes of the chorioallantoic membrane of corn snakes. We identified two populations of cells in the outer layer of the chorionic epithelium. Calbindin-D_28K, a cellular marker for calcium transport expressed in squamate chorioallantoic membranes, is localized in large, flattened cells that predominate in the chorionic epithelium. Smaller cells, interspersed among the large cells, express carbonic anhydrase 2, an enzyme not previously localized in the chorionic epithelium of an oviparous squamate. These findings indicate that differentiation of chorionic epithelial cells contributes to extraction and transport of calcium from the eggshell. The presence of specializations of chorioallantoic membranes for calcium uptake from eggshells in chickens and corn snakes suggests that eggshell calcium was a source of embryonic nutrition early in the evolution of Sauropsida.