Impact and control of the cone tortricid Pseudococcyx tessulatana(Staudinger), damaging the cone crop of a selected clone of cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) in Italy

Raffaella Cantini, Andrea Battisti
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引用次数: 2

Abstract

The green cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) is of great interest for ornamental, reforestation and windbreak use in the whole Mediterranean basin. In Italy, seed material selected for resistance to the fungus Seiridium cardinale is produced in seed orchards by controlled crosses of parent trees. The insect pest showing the highest impact on seed cone production is Pseudococcyx tessulatana (Lep.; Tortricidae), which attacks cones during the initial growth period as well as full-grown cones. The impact on the seed cone crop of the tortricid was estimated on a clone patented for its resistance to cypress canker (Agrimed 1). The attack was inversely related to the cone crop, as it concerned 36.7 % of cones in 1999 (high crop year) and the 66 % in 2000 (low crop year). In both years, about 90 % of the surveyed branches revealed cones attacked by P. tessulatana by the 1st life-cycle larvae, whereas only 40 % of branches were also attacked by the larvae of the 2nd life cycle. The highest attack rate per branch was always observed on branches bearing a low number of cones. The potential of two control methods against P. tessulatana to protect cones which result from crossing a mother tree “Agrimed 1” with selected father trees was also evaluated in 2000. The protection given by a sleeve surrounding the branch was almost complete (0.4 % cone mortality), whereas a cone mortality of 24.3 % was observed on branches treated by the insecticide diflubenzuron. Sleeves appear to be useful to protect branches on which special crosses were done, but are expensive and time-consuming and may favour the attack of the mealybug Planococcus vovae inside the sleeve. The insecticide application may represent a valid alternative, especially when protection should be directed toward a high number of branches.

锥虫Pseudococcyx tessulatana(Staudinger)对意大利柏树(Cupressus semperverrens L.)选定无性系锥作物的影响和控制
绿柏(Cupressus semperverrens)在整个地中海盆地具有很高的观赏性、重新造林和防风用途。在意大利,通过亲本树的对照杂交,在种子园中生产抗真菌的种子材料。对球果生产影响最大的害虫是假尾虫(Pseudococcyx tessulatana,Lep.;Tortricidae),它在最初的生长期攻击球果和完全生长的球果。根据一个因其对柏木溃疡病的抗性而获得专利的克隆(Agrimed 1),估计了龟苓对种锥作物的影响。这次袭击与圆锥作物呈反比,约36.7 % 1999年(高产年份)和66 % 2000年(低作物年)。在这两年中,大约有90 % 在调查的枝条中,发现锥虫在第一个生命周期的幼虫中受到攻击,而只有40个 % 枝条也受到第二生命周期幼虫的攻击。每个分支的攻击率最高的总是在具有少量锥的分支上观察到。2000年还评估了两种防治P.tessulatana的方法保护母树“Agrimed 1”与选定的父树杂交产生的球果的潜力。树枝周围的套管提供的保护几乎完成(0.4 % 圆锥死亡率),而圆锥死亡率为24.3 % 在用杀虫剂二氟脲处理过的枝条上观察到。套筒似乎有助于保护进行特殊杂交的树枝,但价格昂贵且耗时,可能有利于套筒内粉蚧扁球菌的攻击。杀虫剂的应用可能是一种有效的替代方案,尤其是当保护应该针对大量树枝时。
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