The Global Crust and Mantle Gravity Disturbances and Their Implications on Mantle Structure and Dynamics

Abstract

The gravity anomalies reflect density perturbations at different depths, which control the physical state and dynamics of the lithosphere and sub-lithospheric mantle. However, the gravity effect of the crust masks the mantle signals. In this study, we develop two frameworks (correction with density contrasts and actual densities) to calculate the gravity anomalies generated by the layered crust. We apply the proposed approaches to evaluate the global mantle gravity disturbances based on the new crustal models. Consistent patterns and an increasing linear trend of the mantle gravity disturbances with lithospheric thickness and Vs velocities at 150 km depth are obtained. Our results indicate denser lithospheric roots in most cratons and lighter materials in the oceanic mantle. Furthermore, our gravity map corresponds well to regional geological features, providing new insights into mantle structure and dynamics. Specifically, (1) reduced anomalies associated with the Superior and Rae cratons indicate more depleted roots compared with other cratons of North America. (2) Negative anomalies along the Cordillera (western North America) suggest mass deficits owing to the buoyant hot mantle. (3) Positive anomalies in the Baltic, East European, and Siberian cratons support thick, dense lithosphere with significant density heterogeneities, which could result from thermo-chemical modifications of the cratonic roots. (4) Pronounced positive anomalies correspond to stable blocks, e.g., Arabian Platform, Indian Craton, and Tarim basin, indicating a thick, dense lithosphere. (5) Low anomalies in the active tectonic units and back-arc basins suggest local mantle upwellings. (6) The cold subducting/detached plates may result in the high anomalies observed in the Zagros and Tibet.