Tularemia - a re-emerging disease with growing concern.

IF 7.9 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES
Veterinary Quarterly Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-18 DOI:10.1080/01652176.2023.2277753
Rinku Sharma, Rajendra Damu Patil, Birbal Singh, Sandip Chakraborty, Deepak Chandran, Kuldeep Dhama, Devi Gopinath, Gauri Jairath, Ajayta Rialch, Gorakh Mal, Putan Singh, Wanpen Chaicumpa, G Saikumar
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Tularemia caused by Gram-negative, coccobacillus bacterium, Francisella tularensis, is a highly infectious zoonotic disease. Human cases have been reported mainly from the United States, Nordic countries like Sweden and Finland, and some European and Asian countries. Naturally, the disease occurs in several vertebrates, particularly lagomorphs. Type A (subspecies tularensis) is more virulent and causes disease mainly in North America; type B (subspecies holarctica) is widespread, while subspecies mediasiatica is present in central Asia. F. tularensis is a possible bioweapon due to its lethality, low infectious dosage, and aerosol transmission. Small mammals like rabbits, hares, and muskrats are primary sources of human infections, but true reservoir of F. tularensis is unknown. Vector-borne tularemia primarily involves ticks and mosquitoes. The bacterial subspecies involved and mode of transmission determine the clinical picture. Early signs are flu-like illnesses that may evolve into different clinical forms of tularemia that may or may not include lymphadenopathy. Ulcero-glandular and glandular forms are acquired by arthropod bite or handling of infected animals, oculo-glandular form as a result of conjunctival infection, and oro-pharyngeal form by intake of contaminated food or water. Pulmonary form appears after inhalation of bacteria. Typhoidal form may occur after infection via different routes. Human-to-human transmission has not been known. Diagnosis can be achieved by serology, bacterial culture, and molecular methods. Treatment for tularemia typically entails use of quinolones, tetracyclines, or aminoglycosides. Preventive measures are necessary to avoid infection although difficult to implement. Research is underway for the development of effective live attenuated and subunit vaccines.

Tularemia——一种日益引起关注的新发疾病。
由革兰氏阴性球菌引起的图拉雷血症是一种传染性很强的人畜共患疾病。报告的人类病例主要来自美国、瑞典和芬兰等北欧国家以及一些欧洲和亚洲国家。这种疾病自然发生在几种脊椎动物身上,尤其是lagomorphs。A型(土拉氏亚种)毒性更强,主要在北美引起疾病;B型(holarctica亚种)分布广泛,而mediasiatica亚种分布在中亚。由于其致命性、低感染剂量和气溶胶传播,土拉伦病可能是一种生物武器。像兔子、野兔和麝鼠这样的小型哺乳动物是人类感染的主要来源,但土拉鼠的真正宿主尚不清楚。媒介传播的兔热病主要涉及蜱虫和蚊子。所涉及的细菌亚种和传播方式决定了临床情况。早期症状是流感样疾病,可能演变成不同的临床形式的兔热病,可能包括也可能不包括淋巴结病。腺溃疡和腺溃疡是通过节肢动物叮咬或处理受感染的动物而获得的,眼腺溃疡是结膜感染引起的,口咽溃疡是通过摄入受污染的食物或水而获得的。吸入细菌后出现肺部形态。伤寒可能通过不同途径感染后发生。人与人之间的传播尚不清楚。诊断可以通过血清学、细菌培养和分子方法来实现。兔热病的治疗通常需要使用喹诺酮类、四环素类或氨基糖苷类药物。预防措施是避免感染的必要措施,尽管很难实施。目前正在研究开发有效的减毒活疫苗和亚单位疫苗。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Veterinary Quarterly
Veterinary Quarterly VETERINARY SCIENCES-
CiteScore
13.10
自引率
1.60%
发文量
18
审稿时长
>24 weeks
期刊介绍: Veterinary Quarterly is an international open access journal which publishes high quality review articles and original research in the field of veterinary science and animal diseases. The journal publishes research on a range of different animal species and topics including: - Economically important species such as domesticated and non-domesticated farm animals, including avian and poultry diseases; - Companion animals (dogs, cats, horses, pocket pets and exotics); - Wildlife species; - Infectious diseases; - Diagnosis; - Treatment including pharmacology and vaccination
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