Wealth items in the Western Highlands of West Papua

Ethnology Pub Date : 2004-09-22 DOI:10.2307/3774029
A. Ploeg
{"title":"Wealth items in the Western Highlands of West Papua","authors":"A. Ploeg","doi":"10.2307/3774029","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"This article compares the distinctive uses of wealth items among Grand Valley Dani, Western Dani, and Me, the largest ethnic groups in West Papua. The time period covered is primarily from first contact with Europeans to the early 1970s. (Wealth items, inalienability, ancestor cult, exchange) ********** The Western Highlands of West Papua extend from the Grand Valley of the Baliem to the western tip of the Central Highlands (see map). The area coincides with the \"Western Sphere\" of the Highlands as identified by Hyndman and Morren (1990). They define a sphere as \"a potentially expansive, segmentary, reticulated mosaic of local groups that, notwithstanding observable ethnolinguistic diversity, share a common tradition and are strongly influenced by one or more core populations at the historic-geographic centre of their region\" (Hyndman and Morren 1990:10). Hyndman and Morren (1990:13) distinguish three such spheres in the Central Highlands: Eastern, Central, and Western. The Eastern Sphere centers on \"a chain of eight valleys from Arona-Aiyura to Tari-Koroba\"; the Central on \"the Sepik Source Basin and the Sibil valley\"; and the Western centers \"on the Baliem valley and the Paniai Lakes.\" [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] A number of ethnic groups, well represented in ethnographic studies, reside in the Western Highlands of West Papua. Best known are the Grand Valley Dani, the Western Dani, and the Me. The Grand Valley is located in the lower reaches of the Baliem River where it flows southeast through a wide valley with a relatively flat floor before it leaves the Highlands via the Baliem Gorge (see map). The habitat of the Grand Valley Dani is formed by the floor, the slopes of the valley, and its tributary valleys. The habitat of the Western Dani centers on the valleys of the North Baliem, the Boko, north of the Grand Valley, the Toli, the Yamo, and the Ila rivers. They occupy the entire middle section of the Western Highlands north and west of the Grand Valley. In the recent past they pushed further west. As a result, the valleys of the Ila, the upper Kema, the Nogolo, and the Dora have an ethnically mixed population of Western Dani, Damal, Moni, and some smaller groups. The habitat of the Me runs from the middle reaches of the Kema to the westernmost tip of the Highlands. Most Me live around the Paniai, Tigi, and Tage lakes, and in the valley of the Edege River and its tributaries. The Grand Valley Dani, the Western Dani, and the Me are by far the largest Highlands groups, and are the focus of this article. THE ETHNOGRAPHIC RECORD The establishment of colonial rule in the West Papua Highlands started in the late 1930s in the Paniai Lakes area. The extension of colonial control was interrupted by World War II. Missionaries and administrative officers settled in the Dani areas in the 1950s, in 1954 in the Grand Valley, and in 1956 among the Western Dani (Hayward 1980:124), and missionaries of various denominations have remained active. In 1963, the Indonesian government took over the administration of the area, and when highlanders appeared to resist it, they were dealt, to all appearances, extremely harsh measures (Defert 1996:ch. 12; Meiselas 2003:142-44). Ethnographic coverage of this incorporation is understandably slight. The Me have been studied by Pospisil (1958, 1963, 1978, 1989), who referred to the people as the Kapauku, more recently by Hylkema, a Franciscan missionary and self-taught ethnographer, and by Giay (1995), himself a Me. Giay is one of the proponents of the name Me rather than Kapauku or Ekagi (Ekari), names still in use. At his death in 1998, Hylkema left behind many monographs and writings in draft, based on his association with the Me that lasted from 1969 to 1994. I am editing and introducing two incomplete manuscripts that he worked on shortly before his death (Hylkema n.d.a and n.d.b). In addition, there is ethnographic material about the Me by the administrative officers de Bruijn and Dubbeldam, the botanist Eyma, and the medical officers van der Hoeven and Boelen. …","PeriodicalId":81209,"journal":{"name":"Ethnology","volume":"5 1","pages":"291-313"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2004-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3774029","citationCount":"7","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Ethnology","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3774029","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7

Abstract

This article compares the distinctive uses of wealth items among Grand Valley Dani, Western Dani, and Me, the largest ethnic groups in West Papua. The time period covered is primarily from first contact with Europeans to the early 1970s. (Wealth items, inalienability, ancestor cult, exchange) ********** The Western Highlands of West Papua extend from the Grand Valley of the Baliem to the western tip of the Central Highlands (see map). The area coincides with the "Western Sphere" of the Highlands as identified by Hyndman and Morren (1990). They define a sphere as "a potentially expansive, segmentary, reticulated mosaic of local groups that, notwithstanding observable ethnolinguistic diversity, share a common tradition and are strongly influenced by one or more core populations at the historic-geographic centre of their region" (Hyndman and Morren 1990:10). Hyndman and Morren (1990:13) distinguish three such spheres in the Central Highlands: Eastern, Central, and Western. The Eastern Sphere centers on "a chain of eight valleys from Arona-Aiyura to Tari-Koroba"; the Central on "the Sepik Source Basin and the Sibil valley"; and the Western centers "on the Baliem valley and the Paniai Lakes." [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] A number of ethnic groups, well represented in ethnographic studies, reside in the Western Highlands of West Papua. Best known are the Grand Valley Dani, the Western Dani, and the Me. The Grand Valley is located in the lower reaches of the Baliem River where it flows southeast through a wide valley with a relatively flat floor before it leaves the Highlands via the Baliem Gorge (see map). The habitat of the Grand Valley Dani is formed by the floor, the slopes of the valley, and its tributary valleys. The habitat of the Western Dani centers on the valleys of the North Baliem, the Boko, north of the Grand Valley, the Toli, the Yamo, and the Ila rivers. They occupy the entire middle section of the Western Highlands north and west of the Grand Valley. In the recent past they pushed further west. As a result, the valleys of the Ila, the upper Kema, the Nogolo, and the Dora have an ethnically mixed population of Western Dani, Damal, Moni, and some smaller groups. The habitat of the Me runs from the middle reaches of the Kema to the westernmost tip of the Highlands. Most Me live around the Paniai, Tigi, and Tage lakes, and in the valley of the Edege River and its tributaries. The Grand Valley Dani, the Western Dani, and the Me are by far the largest Highlands groups, and are the focus of this article. THE ETHNOGRAPHIC RECORD The establishment of colonial rule in the West Papua Highlands started in the late 1930s in the Paniai Lakes area. The extension of colonial control was interrupted by World War II. Missionaries and administrative officers settled in the Dani areas in the 1950s, in 1954 in the Grand Valley, and in 1956 among the Western Dani (Hayward 1980:124), and missionaries of various denominations have remained active. In 1963, the Indonesian government took over the administration of the area, and when highlanders appeared to resist it, they were dealt, to all appearances, extremely harsh measures (Defert 1996:ch. 12; Meiselas 2003:142-44). Ethnographic coverage of this incorporation is understandably slight. The Me have been studied by Pospisil (1958, 1963, 1978, 1989), who referred to the people as the Kapauku, more recently by Hylkema, a Franciscan missionary and self-taught ethnographer, and by Giay (1995), himself a Me. Giay is one of the proponents of the name Me rather than Kapauku or Ekagi (Ekari), names still in use. At his death in 1998, Hylkema left behind many monographs and writings in draft, based on his association with the Me that lasted from 1969 to 1994. I am editing and introducing two incomplete manuscripts that he worked on shortly before his death (Hylkema n.d.a and n.d.b). In addition, there is ethnographic material about the Me by the administrative officers de Bruijn and Dubbeldam, the botanist Eyma, and the medical officers van der Hoeven and Boelen. …
西巴布亚西部高地的财富项目
这篇文章比较了在西巴布亚最大的几个民族——大谷达尼族、西达尼族和梅族对财富物品的独特使用。所涵盖的时间段主要是从第一次与欧洲人接触到20世纪70年代初。(财富物品,不可剥夺性,祖先崇拜,交换)**********西巴布亚的西部高地从巴利姆大山谷延伸到中央高地的西端(见地图)。该地区与Hyndman和Morren(1990)确定的高地“西部区域”相吻合。他们将“圈层”定义为“一个潜在的扩展的、分段的、网状的地方群体的马赛克,尽管可以观察到民族语言的多样性,但这些群体拥有共同的传统,并受到其地区历史地理中心的一个或多个核心人口的强烈影响”(Hyndman和Morren 1990:10)。Hyndman和Morren(1990:13)在中部高地区分了三个这样的区域:东部、中部和西部。东方球体以“从阿罗那-艾尤拉到塔里-科罗巴的八个山谷链”为中心;中央关于“塞匹克源区与西比尔河谷”的论述;西部以“巴利音山谷和帕尼亚湖”为中心。[插图省略]在民族志研究中,有许多族群居住在西巴布亚的西部高地。最著名的是大谷达尼,西部达尼和Me。大河谷位于巴利姆河的下游,在巴利姆峡谷离开高地之前,它向东南流过一个相对平坦的宽阔山谷(见地图)。达尼大谷的栖息地是由谷底、山谷的斜坡及其支流山谷组成的。西部达尼人的栖息地集中在北巴利姆、博科、大河谷以北、托利河、雅莫河和伊拉河的山谷。它们占据了西部高地的整个中部,位于大峡谷的北部和西部。在最近的过去,他们进一步向西推进。因此,在伊拉山谷、凯马上游、诺戈洛山谷和多拉山谷中,有西部达尼人、达马尔人、莫尼人以及一些较小的群体。它们的栖息地从科马山脉的中游一直延伸到高地的最西端。大多数米人居住在帕尼埃、蒂吉和塔奇湖周围,以及埃德奇河及其支流的山谷中。Grand Valley Dani, Western Dani和Me是迄今为止最大的高地群体,也是本文的重点。殖民统治在西巴布亚高地的建立始于20世纪30年代末的Paniai湖区。第二次世界大战中断了殖民统治的扩展。传教士和行政官员在20世纪50年代定居在达尼地区,1954年在大峡谷,1956年在西部达尼(海沃德1980:124),各种教派的传教士仍然活跃。1963年,印度尼西亚政府接管了该地区的管理权,当高地居民表现出抵抗时,他们被处理,从表面上看,极其严厉的措施(参见1996年:ch。12;梅塞拉斯2003:142-44)。可以理解,人种学对这种结合的报道很少。Pospisil(1958年、1963年、1978年、1989年)曾研究过“我”,他将这些人称为“Kapauku”,最近的研究则是方济会传教士、自学成才的人种学家Hylkema,以及自己也是“我”的Giay(1995年)。季爱雅是“我”这个名字的支持者之一,而不是Kapauku或Ekagi (Ekari),这些名字仍然在使用中。在他1998年去世时,Hylkema留下了许多专著和草稿,这些都是基于他从1969年到1994年与“我”的联系。我正在编辑和介绍他在去世前不久完成的两份不完整的手稿(Hylkema n.d.a和n.d.b)。此外,还有行政官员de Bruijn和Dubbeldam、植物学家Eyma以及医疗官员van der Hoeven和Boelen撰写的关于Me的人种学材料。…
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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