Mobilitet i den frivillige sektor. En panelanalyse af danskernes frivillige engagement fra 2004 til 2012

Abstract

Den sociologiske forskning i frivilligt arbejde har laenge vaeret optaget af at afklare hvilke faktorer, der afgor om et menneske engagerer sig i civilsamfundet eller ej. En raekke forskellige teorier tilskriver den afgorende betydning til henholdsvis de frivilliges normer, ressourcer eller netvaerk. I en dansk kontekst er dette sporgsmal hidtil kun blevet adresseret ved hjaelp af tvaersnitsdata. I denne artikel undersoger vi betydningen af disse forskellige faktorer for danske frivillige med udgangspunkt i paneldata fra 2004 og 2012. Formalet med denne artikel er at afprove de tre dominerende teorier, om hvad der far folk til at blive frivillige, samt hvad der far dem til at holde op igen. Endvidere undersoges teoriernes respektive gyldighed inden for tre forskellige civilsamfundssektorer – den aktivitetsorienterede, den velfaerdsorienterede og den politisk- og lokalsamfundsorienterede sektor – for at undersoge, hvorvidt det er de samme faktorer, der har betydning for det frivillige engagement pa tvaers af forskellige typer frivillig aktivitet. Analysen viser, at det isaer er netvaerk knyttet til forskellige livsfaser, der forklarer bevaegelser ind og ud af frivillighed. Yderligere viser vi, at familietraditioner for frivilligt arbejde socialiserer staerkt til selv at blive frivillig, hvorimod socialiseringsforskelle mellem fodselskohorter kun synes at have betydning for frivilligheden inden for den politiske sektor. Endelig viser analysen, at uddannelsesmaessige ressourcer overraskende har meget begraenset betydning for mobilitet ind og ud af frivilligt arbejde. ENGELSK ABSTRACT: Morten Frederiksen and Rasmus Juul Moberg: Mobility in the Volunteer Sector. A Panel Data Analysis of Danish People’s Involvement in Volunteer Work between 2004 and 2012 Sociological research on volunteering has had a longstanding interest in identifying the factors affecting whether people volunteer or not. Three different theoretical positions ascribe the decisive impact to resources, norms, and/or networks of the volunteers. The Danish case has hitherto only been investigated using cross sectional data. In this article, we investigate the importance of these different factors in Denmark using panel data from 2004 and 2012. The purpose of the article is to test these three dominant theories about what makes people volunteer and what makes them stop again. Furthermore, the salience of each theory is analysed within three different sectors of civil society: the activity oriented, the welfare oriented and the politics and community oriented. The purpose is to investigate whether the same factors are important in the different sectors, as is usually assumed. The analysis indicates that social networks associated with different life stages, in particular, can account for mobility in and out of volunteer work. Additionally, we show that socialization through family traditions for volunteering is strong, whereas differences in socialization between birth cohorts only seems to affect volunteering in the politics and community sector. Finally, we find that education has surprisingly little influence on volunteer mobility. Keywords: volunteer work, panel data, volunteer sectors, norms, life stage.