Harmful diatoms and dinoflagellates in the Indian Ocean: a study from Southern coast of Sri Lanka

D. Dissanayake, D. Wickramasinghe, P. Manage
{"title":"Harmful diatoms and dinoflagellates in the Indian Ocean: a study from Southern coast of Sri Lanka","authors":"D. Dissanayake, D. Wickramasinghe, P. Manage","doi":"10.15421/2021_42","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Studies on Harmful Algae (HA) are rare in the Indian Ocean around Sri Lanka. The current study investigated diatoms and dinoflagellates in five Sri Lankan Southern coast locations, focusing on potentially harmful species. A total of twenty-seven diatom species and ten dinoflagellate species were identified during the study. Among them, eight diatom species (Asterionellopsis glacialis, Chaetoceros curvisetus, Chaetoceros lorenzianus, Guinardia flaccida, Leptocylindrus minimus, Nitzschia sp., Proboscia alata and Pseudonitzschia fraudulenta) and three dinoflagellate species (Ceratium fusus, Ceratium furca, and Dinophysis caudata) were identified as potentially harmful species. Specifically, P. fraudulenta related to producing domoic acid, causing Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP), was recorded in all sampling locations. Potentially harmful species showed a significant correlation with turbidity and total phosphorus levels (p < 0.05). Discerning the occurrence of these species in the region is vital, as the seascape under investigation is in anthropogenic pressure with many sea routes. Even though bloom conditions were not observable during the study period, the risk of transporting microalgae to many different locations and the possibility of bloom formations cannot be ignored. As a country surrounded by the ocean, the results demonstrated the importance of continuous monitoring of potentially HA and regulating maritime and land-based activities, covering a broader area to identify and manage potential threats to the Indian Ocean. Keywords: Indian Ocean; Sri Lanka; coastal zone; harmful algae; diatoms; dinoflagellates; water quality   References Al-kandari, M., Al-Yamani, F. & Al-Rifaie, K. (2009). Marine phytoplankton atlas of Kuwait's waters. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Kuwait. Almandoz, G.O., Fabro, E., Ferrario, M., Tillmann, U., Cembella, A. & Krock, B. (2017). Species occurrence of the potentially toxigenic diatom genus pseudo-nitzschia and the associated neurotoxin domoic acid in the Argentine Sea. Harmful algae, 63, 45-55. Anderson, D. M. (2009). Approaches to monitoring, control and management of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Ocean & coastal management, 52, 342-347. Anderson, D. M., Hoagland, P., Kaoru, Y. & White, A. W. (2000). Estimated annual economic impacts from harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the United States. Woods hole oceanographic institution technical report: WHOI, 11. APHA, AWWA, & WEF. (2012). Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater (22nd ed.). American Public Health Association. Backer, l. C., Fleming, l. E., Rowan, A. & Baden, D. (2003). Epidemiology, public health and human diseases associated with harmful marine algae. Manual on harmful marine microalgae, 723-746. Backer, L., & McGillicuddy, D. (2006). Harmful Algal Blooms at the Interface Between Coastal Oceanography and Human Health. Oceanography, 19 (2), 94–106. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2006.72 Bates, S. S., Hubbard, K. A., Lundholm, N., Montresor, M. & Leaw, C. P. (2018). Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia, and domoic acid: new research since 2011. Harmful algae, 79, 3-43. BOBLME . (2013). Bay of Bengal large marine ecosystem project - country report on pollution. Colombo: Sri Lanka BOBLME.  Botes, L. (2003). Phytoplankton Identification Catalogue n Saldanha Bay, South Africa, April 2001. GloBallast Monograph Series No. 7. IMO London. Burkholder,J., Azanza, R. & Sako, Y. (2006). The ecology of harmful dinoflagellates. In: Graneli, E., Turner, J.T. (Eds.). Ecology of harmful algae. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. Pp. 53–66. Chandrasekera & W.U., Fernando, M.A.S.T. (2009). Accidental introduction of alien plankton into the Sri Lankan coastal zone through ballast water of cargo ships. Sri Lanka Journal of Aquatic Science 14, 87–103. D'anglada, l. (2015). Editorial on the special issue \"Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and public health: progress and current challenges\". Toxins, 4437-4441. Department of census & statistics (2012). Sri Lanka census of population and housing 2011. Department of Census and Statistics. Colombo. Draredja, M. A., Frihi, H., Boualleg, C., Goffart, A., & Laabir, M. (2018). Relationships between environmental conditions and phytoplankton in the Mellah lagoon (south western Mediterranean, Algeria), with an emphasis on HAB species. Harmful Algae 2018–From Ecosystems To Socio-Ecosystems, 64. D'silva, M. S., Anil, A. C., Naik, R. K. & D'costa, P.M. (2012). Algal blooms: a perspective from the coasts of India. Nat hazards, 63, 1225-1253. Ekanayaka, K., Jayasiri, h. B. & Ranasinghe, P. (2016). Phytoplankton abundance in relation to nutrient dynamics during southwest monsoon, southern coast of Sri Lanka. NARA. Faust, M. A. & Gulledge, R. A. (2002). Identifying harmful marine dinoflagellates. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, Smith Institute, WA, USA, 42, 1-144 Faust, M. A. & Gulledge, R.A. (n.d.) Marine species identification portal. Available from: http://www.species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=dinoflagellates&id=51 (accessed 24.12.2019). Fire, S., & Van Dolah, F. (2012). Marine Biotoxins: Emergence of Harmful Algal Blooms as Health Threats to Marine Wildlife. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1551&context=usdeptcommercepub Fleming, l. E., Backer, l. C. & Baden, D. G. (2005). Overview of aerosolized Florida red tide toxins: exposures and effects. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 618-620. Gelin, F., Volkman, J., Largeau, C., Derenne, S., Damste, J. S. & De leeuw, J. (1999). Distribution of aliphatic, nonhydrolyzable biopolymers in marine microalgae. Organic Geochemistry, 30, 147-159. Gobler, C. J. (2020). Climate change and harmful algal blooms: insights and perspective. Harmful algae, 91, 101731. Graneli, E. & Flynn, K. (2006). Chemical and physical factors influencing toxin content. In: Graneli, E. & Turner, J. T. (eds.) Ecology of harmful algae. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, 229-242. Graneli, E. & Turner, J.T. (2006). An introduction to harmful algae. In: Graneli, E., Turner, J.T. (eds.), Ecology of harmful algae, Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. 3–7. Hallegraeff, G., Dorantes-Aranda, J. J., Mardones, J. & Seger, A. (2017). Review of progress in our understanding of fish-killing microalgae: implications for management and mitigation. Marine and freshwater harmful algae, 150. Hinder, S. L., hays, G. C., Edwards, M., Roberts, E. C., Walne, A. W. & Gravenor, M. B. (2012). Changes in marine dinoflagellate and diatom abundance under climate change. Nature climate change, 2, 271-275. Ivanochko, T., Cassis, D., Shiller, J., Moore-Maley, B., Kim, J., Huang, S., Sheikh, A., & Oka, G. (2012). Phyto’pedia - The Phytoplankton Encyclopaedia Project. Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia. https://open.ubc.ca/phytopedia/ Jayasiri, H. B., Dahanayaka, D. D. G. L., & Arulananthan, K. (2016). Diversity and Abundance of Marine Plankton and Benthos of Maruthankerny, Off Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Proceedings of International Forestry and Environment Symposium, 21. https://doi.org/10.31357/fesympo.v21i0.3049 Jayasiri, H. B., Priyadarshanie, W., Gunasekara, A. & Ranathunga, R. (2015). Diversity, abundance and composition of phytoplankton with special reference to toxic dinoflagellates in Colombo harbour. Proceedings of National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency, National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency, Sri Lanka. Jayawardhane, J. K. P. C., Manage, P. M., & Weerasekara, K. a. W. S. (2018). Identification of Harmful Marine Microalgae with Special Reference to Physico-Chemical Aspects of Coastal Waters in Western Province, Sri Lanka. Proceedings of international forestry and environment symposium.http://dr.lib.sjp.ac.lk/handle/123456789/8151 Kotaki, Y., Koike, K., Yoshida, M., Van Thuoc, C., Huyen, N. T. M., Hoi, N. C., Fukuyo, y. & Kodama, K. (2000). Domoic acid production in Nitzschia sp.(Bacillariophyceae) isolated from a shrimp","PeriodicalId":23422,"journal":{"name":"Ukrainian Journal of Ecology","volume":"11 1","pages":"279-285"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"2","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Ukrainian Journal of Ecology","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.15421/2021_42","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2

Abstract

Studies on Harmful Algae (HA) are rare in the Indian Ocean around Sri Lanka. The current study investigated diatoms and dinoflagellates in five Sri Lankan Southern coast locations, focusing on potentially harmful species. A total of twenty-seven diatom species and ten dinoflagellate species were identified during the study. Among them, eight diatom species (Asterionellopsis glacialis, Chaetoceros curvisetus, Chaetoceros lorenzianus, Guinardia flaccida, Leptocylindrus minimus, Nitzschia sp., Proboscia alata and Pseudonitzschia fraudulenta) and three dinoflagellate species (Ceratium fusus, Ceratium furca, and Dinophysis caudata) were identified as potentially harmful species. Specifically, P. fraudulenta related to producing domoic acid, causing Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP), was recorded in all sampling locations. Potentially harmful species showed a significant correlation with turbidity and total phosphorus levels (p < 0.05). Discerning the occurrence of these species in the region is vital, as the seascape under investigation is in anthropogenic pressure with many sea routes. Even though bloom conditions were not observable during the study period, the risk of transporting microalgae to many different locations and the possibility of bloom formations cannot be ignored. As a country surrounded by the ocean, the results demonstrated the importance of continuous monitoring of potentially HA and regulating maritime and land-based activities, covering a broader area to identify and manage potential threats to the Indian Ocean. Keywords: Indian Ocean; Sri Lanka; coastal zone; harmful algae; diatoms; dinoflagellates; water quality   References Al-kandari, M., Al-Yamani, F. & Al-Rifaie, K. (2009). Marine phytoplankton atlas of Kuwait's waters. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research. Kuwait. Almandoz, G.O., Fabro, E., Ferrario, M., Tillmann, U., Cembella, A. & Krock, B. (2017). Species occurrence of the potentially toxigenic diatom genus pseudo-nitzschia and the associated neurotoxin domoic acid in the Argentine Sea. Harmful algae, 63, 45-55. Anderson, D. M. (2009). Approaches to monitoring, control and management of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Ocean & coastal management, 52, 342-347. Anderson, D. M., Hoagland, P., Kaoru, Y. & White, A. W. (2000). Estimated annual economic impacts from harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the United States. Woods hole oceanographic institution technical report: WHOI, 11. APHA, AWWA, & WEF. (2012). Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater (22nd ed.). American Public Health Association. Backer, l. C., Fleming, l. E., Rowan, A. & Baden, D. (2003). Epidemiology, public health and human diseases associated with harmful marine algae. Manual on harmful marine microalgae, 723-746. Backer, L., & McGillicuddy, D. (2006). Harmful Algal Blooms at the Interface Between Coastal Oceanography and Human Health. Oceanography, 19 (2), 94–106. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2006.72 Bates, S. S., Hubbard, K. A., Lundholm, N., Montresor, M. & Leaw, C. P. (2018). Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia, and domoic acid: new research since 2011. Harmful algae, 79, 3-43. BOBLME . (2013). Bay of Bengal large marine ecosystem project - country report on pollution. Colombo: Sri Lanka BOBLME.  Botes, L. (2003). Phytoplankton Identification Catalogue n Saldanha Bay, South Africa, April 2001. GloBallast Monograph Series No. 7. IMO London. Burkholder,J., Azanza, R. & Sako, Y. (2006). The ecology of harmful dinoflagellates. In: Graneli, E., Turner, J.T. (Eds.). Ecology of harmful algae. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. Pp. 53–66. Chandrasekera & W.U., Fernando, M.A.S.T. (2009). Accidental introduction of alien plankton into the Sri Lankan coastal zone through ballast water of cargo ships. Sri Lanka Journal of Aquatic Science 14, 87–103. D'anglada, l. (2015). Editorial on the special issue "Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and public health: progress and current challenges". Toxins, 4437-4441. Department of census & statistics (2012). Sri Lanka census of population and housing 2011. Department of Census and Statistics. Colombo. Draredja, M. A., Frihi, H., Boualleg, C., Goffart, A., & Laabir, M. (2018). Relationships between environmental conditions and phytoplankton in the Mellah lagoon (south western Mediterranean, Algeria), with an emphasis on HAB species. Harmful Algae 2018–From Ecosystems To Socio-Ecosystems, 64. D'silva, M. S., Anil, A. C., Naik, R. K. & D'costa, P.M. (2012). Algal blooms: a perspective from the coasts of India. Nat hazards, 63, 1225-1253. Ekanayaka, K., Jayasiri, h. B. & Ranasinghe, P. (2016). Phytoplankton abundance in relation to nutrient dynamics during southwest monsoon, southern coast of Sri Lanka. NARA. Faust, M. A. & Gulledge, R. A. (2002). Identifying harmful marine dinoflagellates. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, Smith Institute, WA, USA, 42, 1-144 Faust, M. A. & Gulledge, R.A. (n.d.) Marine species identification portal. Available from: http://www.species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=dinoflagellates&id=51 (accessed 24.12.2019). Fire, S., & Van Dolah, F. (2012). Marine Biotoxins: Emergence of Harmful Algal Blooms as Health Threats to Marine Wildlife. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1551&context=usdeptcommercepub Fleming, l. E., Backer, l. C. & Baden, D. G. (2005). Overview of aerosolized Florida red tide toxins: exposures and effects. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 618-620. Gelin, F., Volkman, J., Largeau, C., Derenne, S., Damste, J. S. & De leeuw, J. (1999). Distribution of aliphatic, nonhydrolyzable biopolymers in marine microalgae. Organic Geochemistry, 30, 147-159. Gobler, C. J. (2020). Climate change and harmful algal blooms: insights and perspective. Harmful algae, 91, 101731. Graneli, E. & Flynn, K. (2006). Chemical and physical factors influencing toxin content. In: Graneli, E. & Turner, J. T. (eds.) Ecology of harmful algae. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer, 229-242. Graneli, E. & Turner, J.T. (2006). An introduction to harmful algae. In: Graneli, E., Turner, J.T. (eds.), Ecology of harmful algae, Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. 3–7. Hallegraeff, G., Dorantes-Aranda, J. J., Mardones, J. & Seger, A. (2017). Review of progress in our understanding of fish-killing microalgae: implications for management and mitigation. Marine and freshwater harmful algae, 150. Hinder, S. L., hays, G. C., Edwards, M., Roberts, E. C., Walne, A. W. & Gravenor, M. B. (2012). Changes in marine dinoflagellate and diatom abundance under climate change. Nature climate change, 2, 271-275. Ivanochko, T., Cassis, D., Shiller, J., Moore-Maley, B., Kim, J., Huang, S., Sheikh, A., & Oka, G. (2012). Phyto’pedia - The Phytoplankton Encyclopaedia Project. Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia. https://open.ubc.ca/phytopedia/ Jayasiri, H. B., Dahanayaka, D. D. G. L., & Arulananthan, K. (2016). Diversity and Abundance of Marine Plankton and Benthos of Maruthankerny, Off Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Proceedings of International Forestry and Environment Symposium, 21. https://doi.org/10.31357/fesympo.v21i0.3049 Jayasiri, H. B., Priyadarshanie, W., Gunasekara, A. & Ranathunga, R. (2015). Diversity, abundance and composition of phytoplankton with special reference to toxic dinoflagellates in Colombo harbour. Proceedings of National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency, National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency, Sri Lanka. Jayawardhane, J. K. P. C., Manage, P. M., & Weerasekara, K. a. W. S. (2018). Identification of Harmful Marine Microalgae with Special Reference to Physico-Chemical Aspects of Coastal Waters in Western Province, Sri Lanka. Proceedings of international forestry and environment symposium.http://dr.lib.sjp.ac.lk/handle/123456789/8151 Kotaki, Y., Koike, K., Yoshida, M., Van Thuoc, C., Huyen, N. T. M., Hoi, N. C., Fukuyo, y. & Kodama, K. (2000). Domoic acid production in Nitzschia sp.(Bacillariophyceae) isolated from a shrimp
印度洋上有害的硅藻和鞭毛藻:斯里兰卡南部海岸的研究
在斯里兰卡附近的印度洋海域,对有害藻类的研究是罕见的。目前的研究调查了斯里兰卡南部海岸五个地点的硅藻和鞭毛藻,重点是潜在的有害物种。研究共鉴定出27种硅藻和10种鞭毛藻。其中,8种硅藻(Asterionellopsis glacialis、Chaetoceros curvisetus、Chaetoceros lorenzianus、Guinardia flac意外、leptominimus、Nitzschia sp.、Proboscia alata和Pseudonitzschia fraudulenta)和3种鞭毛藻(Ceratium fusus、Ceratium furca和Dinophysis caudata)被鉴定为潜在有害物种。具体而言,在所有采样地点均记录到与产生软骨藻酸有关的欺诈虾,导致失忆性贝类中毒(ASP)。潜在有害物种与浊度和总磷水平呈显著相关(p < 0.05)。识别这些物种在该地区的出现是至关重要的,因为所调查的海景受到许多海上航线的人为压力。尽管在研究期间没有观测到水华条件,但将微藻运送到许多不同地点的风险和形成水华的可能性不容忽视。作为一个被海洋包围的国家,研究结果表明了持续监测潜在HA和规范海上和陆地活动的重要性,这些活动覆盖了更广泛的区域,以识别和管理印度洋的潜在威胁。关键词:印度洋;斯里兰卡;沿海地区;有害藻类;硅藻;钩鞭藻;Al-kandari, M., Al-Yamani, F.和Al-Rifaie, K.(2009)。科威特水域的海洋浮游植物图集。科威特科学研究所。科威特。Almandoz, g.o., Fabro, E., Ferrario, M., Tillmann, U., Cembella, A. & Krock, B.(2017)。阿根廷海潜在产毒硅藻属假尼奇亚及其相关神经毒素软骨藻酸的种类发生。有害藻类,63,45 -55。安德森博士(2009)。有害藻华的监测、控制和管理方法。海洋与海岸管理,52,342-347。安德森,D. M., Hoagland, P., Kaoru, Y.和White, A. W.(2000)。美国有害藻华(HABs)的年度经济影响估计。伍兹霍尔海洋研究所技术报告:WHOI, 11。Apha, awwa, & wef。(2012)。水和废水检验的标准方法(第22版)。美国公共卫生协会。Backer, l.c., Fleming, l.e., Rowan, A. & Baden, D.(2003)。与有害海藻有关的流行病学、公共卫生和人类疾病。有害海洋微藻手册,723-746。Backer, L.和McGillicuddy, D.(2006)。有害藻华在海岸海洋学和人类健康之间的界面。海洋,19(2),94-106。https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2006.72 Bates, s.s., Hubbard, k.a., Lundholm, N., Montresor, M. & Leaw, c.p.(2018)。伪Nitzschia, Nitzschia和软骨藻酸:2011年以来的新研究。有害藻类,79,3-43。BOBLME。(2013)。孟加拉湾大型海洋生态系统项目-国家污染报告。科伦坡:斯里兰卡。Botes, L.(2003)。南非Saldanha湾浮游植物鉴定目录,2001年4月。全球最新专著系列第七期。伦敦国际海事组织。霍尔德,J。, Azanza, R.和Sako, Y.(2006)。有害鞭毛藻的生态学。见:Graneli, E., Turner, J.T.(编)。有害藻类生态学。荷兰多德雷赫特:b施普林格。53 - 66页。钱德拉塞科拉,费尔南多,M.A.S.T.(2009)。外来浮游生物通过货船压载水意外进入斯里兰卡沿海地区。斯里兰卡水生科学杂志14,87-103。D’anglada, l.(2015)。特刊“有害藻华与公共卫生:进展和当前挑战”的社论。毒素,4437 - 4441。人口统计局(2012)。2011年斯里兰卡人口和住房普查。政府统计处。科伦坡。Draredja, m.a, Frihi, H., Boualleg, C., Goffart, A., & Laabir, M.(2018)。Mellah泻湖(阿尔及利亚地中海西南部)环境条件与浮游植物之间的关系,重点是HAB物种。有害藻类2018 -从生态系统到社会生态系统,64。阿尼尔•德席尔瓦,m . S, a·C。奈克,r·k·& D 'costa点(2012)。藻华:从印度海岸的视角。自然灾害,63,1225-1253。Ekanayaka, K., Jayasiri, h. B.和Ranasinghe, P.(2016)。斯里兰卡南部海岸西南季风期间浮游植物丰度与营养动态的关系。奈良。Faust, m.a.和Gulledge, r.a.(2002)。识别有害的海洋鞭毛藻。美国国家植物标本馆投稿,史密斯研究所,WA, USA, 42,1 -144 Faust, m.a. & Gulledge, R.A.(未注明日期)海洋物种鉴定门户。 在斯里兰卡附近的印度洋海域,对有害藻类的研究是罕见的。目前的研究调查了斯里兰卡南部海岸五个地点的硅藻和鞭毛藻,重点是潜在的有害物种。研究共鉴定出27种硅藻和10种鞭毛藻。其中,8种硅藻(Asterionellopsis glacialis、Chaetoceros curvisetus、Chaetoceros lorenzianus、Guinardia flac意外、leptominimus、Nitzschia sp.、Proboscia alata和Pseudonitzschia fraudulenta)和3种鞭毛藻(Ceratium fusus、Ceratium furca和Dinophysis caudata)被鉴定为潜在有害物种。具体而言,在所有采样地点均记录到与产生软骨藻酸有关的欺诈虾,导致失忆性贝类中毒(ASP)。潜在有害物种与浊度和总磷水平呈显著相关(p < 0.05)。识别这些物种在该地区的出现是至关重要的,因为所调查的海景受到许多海上航线的人为压力。尽管在研究期间没有观测到水华条件,但将微藻运送到许多不同地点的风险和形成水华的可能性不容忽视。作为一个被海洋包围的国家,研究结果表明了持续监测潜在HA和规范海上和陆地活动的重要性,这些活动覆盖了更广泛的区域,以识别和管理印度洋的潜在威胁。关键词:印度洋;斯里兰卡;沿海地区;有害藻类;硅藻;钩鞭藻;Al-kandari, M., Al-Yamani, F.和Al-Rifaie, K.(2009)。科威特水域的海洋浮游植物图集。科威特科学研究所。科威特。Almandoz, g.o., Fabro, E., Ferrario, M., Tillmann, U., Cembella, A. & Krock, B.(2017)。阿根廷海潜在产毒硅藻属假尼奇亚及其相关神经毒素软骨藻酸的种类发生。有害藻类,63,45 -55。安德森博士(2009)。有害藻华的监测、控制和管理方法。海洋与海岸管理,52,342-347。安德森,D. M., Hoagland, P., Kaoru, Y.和White, A. W.(2000)。美国有害藻华(HABs)的年度经济影响估计。伍兹霍尔海洋研究所技术报告:WHOI, 11。Apha, awwa, & wef。(2012)。水和废水检验的标准方法(第22版)。美国公共卫生协会。Backer, l.c., Fleming, l.e., Rowan, A. & Baden, D.(2003)。与有害海藻有关的流行病学、公共卫生和人类疾病。有害海洋微藻手册,723-746。Backer, L.和McGillicuddy, D.(2006)。有害藻华在海岸海洋学和人类健康之间的界面。海洋,19(2),94-106。https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2006.72 Bates, s.s., Hubbard, k.a., Lundholm, N., Montresor, M. & Leaw, c.p.(2018)。伪Nitzschia, Nitzschia和软骨藻酸:2011年以来的新研究。有害藻类,79,3-43。BOBLME。(2013)。孟加拉湾大型海洋生态系统项目-国家污染报告。科伦坡:斯里兰卡。Botes, L.(2003)。南非Saldanha湾浮游植物鉴定目录,2001年4月。全球最新专著系列第七期。伦敦国际海事组织。霍尔德,J。, Azanza, R.和Sako, Y.(2006)。有害鞭毛藻的生态学。见:Graneli, E., Turner, J.T.(编)。有害藻类生态学。荷兰多德雷赫特:b施普林格。53 - 66页。钱德拉塞科拉,费尔南多,M.A.S.T.(2009)。外来浮游生物通过货船压载水意外进入斯里兰卡沿海地区。斯里兰卡水生科学杂志14,87-103。D’anglada, l.(2015)。特刊“有害藻华与公共卫生:进展和当前挑战”的社论。毒素,4437 - 4441。人口统计局(2012)。2011年斯里兰卡人口和住房普查。政府统计处。科伦坡。Draredja, m.a, Frihi, H., Boualleg, C., Goffart, A., & Laabir, M.(2018)。Mellah泻湖(阿尔及利亚地中海西南部)环境条件与浮游植物之间的关系,重点是HAB物种。有害藻类2018 -从生态系统到社会生态系统,64。阿尼尔•德席尔瓦,m . S, a·C。奈克,r·k·& D 'costa点(2012)。藻华:从印度海岸的视角。自然灾害,63,1225-1253。Ekanayaka, K., Jayasiri, h. B.和Ranasinghe, P.(2016)。斯里兰卡南部海岸西南季风期间浮游植物丰度与营养动态的关系。奈良。Faust, m.a.和Gulledge, r.a.(2002)。识别有害的海洋鞭毛藻。美国国家植物标本馆投稿,史密斯研究所,WA, USA, 42,1 -144 Faust, m.a. & Gulledge, R.A.(未注明日期)海洋物种鉴定门户。 可从http://www.species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=dinoflagellates&id=51获取(访问日期为2019年12月24日)。Fire, S, and Van Dolah, F.(2012)。海洋生物毒素:有害藻华的出现对海洋野生动物的健康威胁。https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1551&context=usdeptcommercepub Fleming, l. E., Backer, l. C. & Baden, D. G.(2005)。概述雾化佛罗里达红潮毒素:暴露和影响。环境卫生展望,113,618-620。Gelin, F., Volkman, J., Largeau, C., Derenne, S., Damste, J.和De leeuw, J.(1999)。海洋微藻中脂肪族、不可水解生物聚合物的分布。有机地球化学,30,147-159。高博勒,c.j.(2020)。气候变化和有害藻华:见解和观点。水生生物学报,1999,10(1):481 - 481。Graneli, E. & Flynn, K.(2006)。影响毒素含量的化学和物理因素。见:Graneli, E. & Turner, J. T.(编)有害藻类生态学。荷兰多德雷赫特:b施普林格,229-242。Graneli, E. & Turner, J.T.(2006)。介绍有害藻类。参见:葛内利,E.,特纳,J.T.(编),有害藻类生态学,多德雷赫特,荷兰:bbb . 3-7。Hallegraeff, G., Dorantes-Aranda, J. J., mardoones, J.和Seger, A.(2017)。对杀鱼微藻的认识进展综述:对管理和减缓的影响。海洋和淡水有害藻类,150。Hinder, S. L, hays, G. C, Edwards, M., Roberts, E. C., Walne, A. W. & Gravenor, M. B.(2012)。气候变化下海洋甲藻和硅藻丰度的变化。自然气候变化,2,271-275。Ivanochko, T., casassis, D., Shiller, J., Moore-Maley, B., Kim, J., Huang, S., Sheikh, A.,和Oka, G.(2012)。浮游植物百科全书计划。英属哥伦比亚大学地球、海洋与大气科学系。https://open.ubc.ca/phytopedia/ Jayasiri, H. B., Dahanayaka, d.d.g.l, & Arulananthan, K.(2016)。斯里兰卡贾夫纳附近Maruthankerny海洋浮游生物和底栖生物的多样性和丰度。国际林业与环境研讨会论文集,21。https://doi.org/10.31357/fesympo.v21i0.3049 Jayasiri, h.b., Priyadarshanie, W, Gunasekara, A. & Ranathunga, R.(2015)。科伦坡港浮游植物的多样性、丰度和组成,特别是有毒鞭毛藻。斯里兰卡国家水产资源研究与发展署,国家水产资源研究与发展署。Jayawardhane, J. K. P. C, Manage, P. M, & Weerasekara, K. a. W. s(2018)。斯里兰卡西部省沿海水域有害海洋微藻的鉴定及其理化特征。国际林业与环境专题讨论会论文集。http://dr.lib.sjp.ac。Kotaki, Y., Koike, K., Yoshida, M., Van Thuoc, C., Huyen, n.t.m., Hoi, n.c., Fukuyo, Y.和Kodama, K.(2000)。从虾中分离出的Nitzschia sp.(硅藻科)软骨藻酸的产生 可从http://www.species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=dinoflagellates&id=51获取(访问日期为2019年12月24日)。Fire, S, and Van Dolah, F.(2012)。海洋生物毒素:有害藻华的出现对海洋野生动物的健康威胁。https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1551&context=usdeptcommercepub Fleming, l. E., Backer, l. C. & Baden, D. G.(2005)。概述雾化佛罗里达红潮毒素:暴露和影响。环境卫生展望,113,618-620。Gelin, F., Volkman, J., Largeau, C., Derenne, S., Damste, J.和De leeuw, J.(1999)。海洋微藻中脂肪族、不可水解生物聚合物的分布。有机地球化学,30,147-159。高博勒,c.j.(2020)。气候变化和有害藻华:见解和观点。水生生物学报,1999,10(1):481 - 481。Graneli, E. & Flynn, K.(2006)。影响毒素含量的化学和物理因素。见:Graneli, E. & Turner, J. T.(编)有害藻类生态学。荷兰多德雷赫特:b施普林格,229-242。Graneli, E. & Turner, J.T.(2006)。介绍有害藻类。参见:葛内利,E.,特纳,J.T.(编),有害藻类生态学,多德雷赫特,荷兰:bbb . 3-7。Hallegraeff, G., Dorantes-Aranda, J. J., mardoones, J.和Seger, A.(2017)。对杀鱼微藻的认识进展综述:对管理和减缓的影响。海洋和淡水有害藻类,150。Hinder, S. L, hays, G. C, Edwards, M., Roberts, E. C., Walne, A. W. & Gravenor, M. B.(2012)。气候变化下海洋甲藻和硅藻丰度的变化。自然气候变化,2,271-275。Ivanochko, T., casassis, D., Shiller, J., Moore-Maley, B., Kim, J., Huang, S., Sheikh, A.,和Oka, G.(2012)。浮游植物百科全书计划。英属哥伦比亚大学地球、海洋与大气科学系。https://open.ubc.ca/phytopedia/ Jayasiri, H. B., Dahanayaka, d.d.g.l, & Arulananthan, K.(2016)。斯里兰卡贾夫纳附近Maruthankerny海洋浮游生物和底栖生物的多样性和丰度。国际林业与环境研讨会论文集,21。https://doi.org/10.31357/fesympo.v21i0.3049 Jayasiri, h.b., Priyadarshanie, W, Gunasekara, A. & Ranathunga, R.(2015)。科伦坡港浮游植物的多样性、丰度和组成,特别是有毒鞭毛藻。斯里兰卡国家水产资源研究与发展署,国家水产资源研究与发展署。Jayawardhane, J. K. P. C, Manage, P. M, & Weerasekara, K. a. W. s(2018)。斯里兰卡西部省沿海水域有害海洋微藻的鉴定及其理化特征。国际林业与环境专题讨论会论文集。http://dr.lib.sjp.ac。Kotaki, Y., Koike, K., Yoshida, M., Van Thuoc, C., Huyen, n.t.m., Hoi, n.c., Fukuyo, Y.和Kodama, K.(2000)。从虾中分离出的Nitzschia sp.(硅藻科)软骨藻酸的产生
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
求助全文
约1分钟内获得全文 求助全文
来源期刊
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信