Green dispersive solid-phase microextraction of melamine using crosslinked beta-cyclodextrin with citric acid followed by high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract

In this research, a green approach for dispersive solid phase microextraction was introduced for the extraction and determination of melamine in various matrices such as infant formula and hot water in a melamine bowl. In this way, a natural polar polymer called ß-cyclodextrin has been cross-linked with citric acid to create a water-insoluble adsorbent. The extraction was carried out by dispersion of the sorbent into the sample solution. The effective parameters on the extraction efficiency of the melamine, including ion strength, extraction time, sample volume, amount of absorbent, pH, type of desorption solvent, desorption time, and desorption solvent volume were optimized by one variable at a time approach. Under the optimal conditions, the method showed a good linear dynamic range for melamine in the range of 1–1000 μg/L with a coefficient of determination of 0.9985. The obtained limit of detection was 0.3 μg/L. The intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations (n = 3) were 3.1% and 3.2% respectively. Lastly, this technique was applied to extract and determine the analyte in a melamine bowl and infant formula with acceptable and satisfactory results.