A quantitative evaluation of the effects of potassium iodide on the clinical properties of silver diamine fluoride.

Abstract

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF), an effective topical fluoride agent for arresting caries, has a reputation for staining the teeth. Potassium iodide (KI) has been reported to minimize such staining, but doubts remain over its long-term efficacy and potential adverse influence on the effectiveness of SDF. This in vitro study used quantitative evaluation of color changes and the silver and fluoride release of treated tooth specimens to determine the effect of KI on the staining and caries-arresting properties of SDF. Twenty-one noncarious premolars were sectioned buccolingually to create 42 tooth specimens that were divided into 3 groups for color comparison and ion release measurements. The specimens in the experimental group were treated with a combined SDF + KI product (n = 16), the specimens in the positive control group were treated with SDF (n = 16), and the specimens in the negative control group were untreated (n = 10). Digital color analysis was performed weekly for a month according to the CIE L*a*b* color system of the International Commission on Illumination. Atomic spectrophotometry and ion-selective electrodes were used to measure the quantity of fluoride and silver ions released after 24 and 48 hours. The data from the color measurements were analyzed with the Friedman and Fisher tests, while the data from the ion release measurements were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. The analysis revealed that KI reduced the dentinal staining caused by SDF, but its effectiveness decreased over time as evidenced by the significantly deteriorating perceptual lightness (L*) values of SDF + KI-treated tooth specimens. The SDF + KI-treated specimens released significantly less silver and fluoride ions than the SDF-treated specimens. Because KI lost its stain-reducing property over time and reduced the effectiveness of SDF, a better "antidote" to SDF staining is needed.