Greenly biosynthesized bimetallic nanoparticles for ecofriendly degradation of notorious dye pollutants: A review

Abstract

Water is a fundamental gift of nature that has coexisted with mankind since the dawn of creation, and it is vital for daily fundamental uses because everything in this world depends on it one way or another. 71% of the earth’ surface is occupied with water, however, only 2.5% of these abundant resource remain clean to match daily elementary needs within the ecological system due to the advent of industrialization which has come with weighty detrimental consequences on aquatic bodies and thus resulted in water insecurity. Dye runoffs from industries are one of the common felon water pollutants because they are intricate, carcinogenic, neurotoxic, inhibit the growth of photoautotrophic organisms by thwarting sunshine from entering the water and causing an increase in the BOD. Empirically, a variety of physicochemical techniques are used to treat dye runoff, but they are time-consuming, pricey, and inefficient; this necessitates the creation of an ecologically viable substitute to address and eliminate the adverse environmental burden that the dye effluents cause. Interestingly, biosynthesized bimetallic nanoparticles (BBMNPs) constituting two different metallic elements have emerged as a better solution for effective dye treatment, due to their synergistic features, which allow them to outperform monometallic nanoparticles in terms of catalytic efficacy. Firstly, this paper introduces water security and the treatment of dye effluents in water. Then the work progressed to elaborate on various types of dyes, their sources, and the effects of the effluents. In addition, the review covers biosynthesized nanoparticles and the edge they have over traditional nano materials in treating of dye runoffs. Overall, in this review work, various original research reports were juxtaposed, and attempt was made to elucidate the mechanism of degradation and the time taken, and the effectiveness of using green BBMNPs for removing notorious dye water pollutants. The bio-reductants green sources employed for the biosynthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles were also highlighted in this review, and the plausible mechanism of bio-fabrication was explained. This review demonstrates that biosynthesized bimetallic nanoparticles are green materials and are able to out-perform their conventionally synthesized mates.