Timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus): Biology, conservation, and envenomation in the Upper Mississippi River Valley (1982–2020)

IF 3.6 Q2 TOXICOLOGY
D.E. Keyler
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Abstract

The Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) is the largest pit viper in the Northern United States and is the prominent venomous snake species indigenous to the bluff land habitats of the Upper Mississippi River Valley (UMRV). Conservation of C. horridus in this geographic region not only preserves the ecosystem's biodiversity and ecological balance, but also assures the continued study of their biomedically important venoms/toxins. Field studies of C. horridus biology and natural history performed from 1985 to 2015 in southeastern Minnesota and western Wisconsin along the Mississippi River showed populations have declined. Consequently, the implementation of improved conservation measures afforded the species protective status in both states. Historically, accounts of Timber Rattlesnake bites in the UMRV have been sparse, and medical consequences of envenomation have had limited documentation. However, in recent decades cases of envenomation by C. horridus have continued to occur. Retrospective analysis of clinical toxinology consultations documented from 1982 to 2020 on cases of envenomation by C. horridus in the UMRV revealed a very low incidence of bites annually and revealed that their venom can induce a rapid and precipitous decline in platelets.

Abstract Image

木材响尾蛇(Crotalus horridus):密西西比河上游流域的生物学、保护和环境研究(1982-2020)
Timber Rattlesnake(Crotalus horridus)是美国北部最大的毒蛇,也是密西西比河上游河谷(UMRV)悬崖栖息地的主要毒蛇物种。在这一地理区域保护C.horridus不仅保护了生态系统的生物多样性和生态平衡,还确保了对其生物医学上重要的毒液/毒素的持续研究。1985年至2015年,在明尼苏达州东南部和密西西比河沿岸的威斯康星州西部进行的对可怕C.horridus生物学和自然史的实地研究表明,数量有所下降。因此,改进的保护措施的实施为这两个州提供了物种保护地位。从历史上看,UMRV中关于木响尾蛇咬伤的报道很少,环境污染的医疗后果也有限。然而,近几十年来,由可怕梭菌引起的环境感染病例仍在继续发生。对1982年至2020年记录的UMRV中可怕梭菌感染病例的临床毒理学咨询的回顾性分析显示,每年被叮咬的发生率非常低,并表明它们的毒液会导致血小板迅速急剧下降。
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来源期刊
Toxicon: X
Toxicon: X Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics-Toxicology
CiteScore
6.50
自引率
0.00%
发文量
33
审稿时长
14 weeks
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